Volume 10, Issue 3 (2022)
Health Educ Health Promot 2022, 10(3): 587-591 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Ahmed Saeed H, Mohammed Ali Jassim M, Mahmood M, Saad Hanfoosh H. A Glance at Coronavirus in General Population of Thi-Qar and Al- Muthanna Provinces. Health Educ Health Promot 2022; 10 (3) :587-591
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-63543-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-63543-en.html
1- College of Dentistry, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
2- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
2- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract: (1265 Views)
Aims: This research aimed to investigate the spread of COVID-19 infection among suspected adults and assess the relationship between tobacco smoking, diabetes, and high blood pressure comorbidities, and their association with susceptibility to acquiring the infection with COVID-19.
Material & Methods: This study was carried put on 214 suspected cases of CoV-2, among male and female adults (age ≥ 20 years) in 2021, and tested for CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR. Plus the IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, along with CoV-2-related symptoms. Information on whether the subjects smoke or suffer from diabetes and high blood pressure has also been supplemented.
Findings: According to the results, the age group of 61-80 was the most affected group among the COVID-19 patients by 45%. In addition, the proportion of males infected with COVID-19 was higher across all age groups (64%) than females (36%). A significant difference was observed between the patients concerning age and gender (p<0.05). The percentage of smoker patients versus non-smokers was 47% vs 53%. The proportion of diabetics to nondiabetics was 43 % vs 57 %. As well as the ratio of hypertensive to normotensive COVID-19 patients was 62 % vs 38 %. There was a significant difference between smoker and non-smoker, diabetic and non-diabetic, and hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients in terms of affected by COVID-19 (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Age, gender, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension are some risk factors for Coronavirus infection. Gender and age are associated with infection rates and their consequences. Also, the likelihood of COVID-19 infection is likely to be lowered in half for active smokers. Patients with diabetes and hypertension especially those who use ACE2-increasing medications are at a higher risk of developing a severe COVID-19 infection.
Material & Methods: This study was carried put on 214 suspected cases of CoV-2, among male and female adults (age ≥ 20 years) in 2021, and tested for CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR. Plus the IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, along with CoV-2-related symptoms. Information on whether the subjects smoke or suffer from diabetes and high blood pressure has also been supplemented.
Findings: According to the results, the age group of 61-80 was the most affected group among the COVID-19 patients by 45%. In addition, the proportion of males infected with COVID-19 was higher across all age groups (64%) than females (36%). A significant difference was observed between the patients concerning age and gender (p<0.05). The percentage of smoker patients versus non-smokers was 47% vs 53%. The proportion of diabetics to nondiabetics was 43 % vs 57 %. As well as the ratio of hypertensive to normotensive COVID-19 patients was 62 % vs 38 %. There was a significant difference between smoker and non-smoker, diabetic and non-diabetic, and hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients in terms of affected by COVID-19 (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Age, gender, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension are some risk factors for Coronavirus infection. Gender and age are associated with infection rates and their consequences. Also, the likelihood of COVID-19 infection is likely to be lowered in half for active smokers. Patients with diabetes and hypertension especially those who use ACE2-increasing medications are at a higher risk of developing a severe COVID-19 infection.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Health Education and Health Behavior
Received: 2022/05/31 | Accepted: 2022/08/14 | Published: 2022/08/22
Received: 2022/05/31 | Accepted: 2022/08/14 | Published: 2022/08/22
References
1. Hopkinson NS, Rossi N, El-Sayed_Moustafa J, Laverty AA, Quint JK, Freidin M, et al. Current smoking and COVID-19 risk: results from a population symptom app in over 2.4 million people. Thorax. 2020;76(7):714-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216422]
2. Al-garawyi AMA, Hussein TA, Jassim MMA. Inhibition of viral infection by using of natural herbal remedies as alternative treatment. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;6(11):416-49. [Link]
3. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032]
4. Lippi G, Henry BM. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Intern Med. 2020;75:107-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.03.014]
5. Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):782-92. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2]
6. Qaysar Musa S, Mohammed AliJassim M, Mohammed Mahmood M. Tracing of some salivary immune elements in Iraqi SARS-2 patients. Arch Razi Inst. 2022;77(5):1561-5. [Link]
7. Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, Bao J, Li R, Xiao Y, et al. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24:422. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0]
8. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;8(4):e21. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8]
9. Ng WH, Tipih T, Makoah NA, Vermeulen JG, Goedhals D, Sempa JB, et al. Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. mBio, 2021;12(1):e03647-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1128/mBio.03647-20]
10. Sheppard JP, Nicholson BD, Lee J, McGagh D, Sherlock J, Koshiaris C, et al. Association between blood pressure control and coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes in 45 418 symptomatic patients with hypertension: an observational cohort study. Hypertension. 2021;77(3):846-55. [Link] [DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16472]
11. Doerre A, Doblhammer G. The influence of gender on COVID-19 infections and mortality in Germany: Insights from age- and gender-specific modeling of contact rates, infections, and deaths in the early phase of the pandemic. PLoS One. 2022;17(5):e0268119. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0268119]
12. Karagiannidis C, Mostert C, Hentschker C, Voshaar T, Malzahn J, Schillinger G, et al. Case characteristics, resource use, and outcomes of 10 021 patients with covid-19 admitted to 920 German hospitals: an observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(9):853-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30316-7]
13. La Vignera S, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Torre F, Aversa A, Calogero AE. Sex-specific SARS-CoV-2 mortality: among hormone-modulated ACE2 expression, risk of venous thromboembolism and hypovitaminosis D. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2948. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijms21082948]
14. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Liu S, Wu F, Liu XF, et al. Higher severity and mortality in male patients with COVID-19 independent of age and susceptibility. medRxiv. 2020;8(152). [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152]
15. Gebhard C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Neuhauser HK, Morgan R, Klein SL. Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(29). [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9]
16. Asselta R, Paraboschi EM, Mantovani A, Duga S. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy. Aging. 2020;12(11):10087-98. [Link] [DOI:10.18632/aging.103415]
17. Márquez EJ, Trowbridge J, Kuchel GA, Banchereau J, Ucar D. The lethal sex gap: COVID-19. Immun Ageing. 2022;17:13. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12979-020-00183-z]
18. Sharifi O, Mokhtarzade M, Beirami BA. A deep convolutional neural network based on local binary patterns of Gabor features for classification of hyperspectral images. Proceeding of International Conference on Machine Vision and Image Processing (MVIP), 18-20 February 2020, Iran. Piscataway: IEEE; 2020. [Link] [DOI:10.1109/MVIP49855.2020.9187486]
19. Haddad C, Bou Malhab S, Sacre H, Salameh P. Smoking and COVID-19: a scoping review. Tob Use Insights. 2021;14. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1179173X21994612]
20. Israel A, Feldhamer E, Lahad A, Levin-Zamir D, Lavie G. Smoking and the risk of COVID-19 in a large observational population study. Medrxiv. 2020 June. [Link] [DOI:10.1101/2020.06.01.20118877]
21. Tsigaris P, Teixeira da Silva JA. Smoking prevalence and COVID-19 in Europe. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(9):1646-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/ntr/ntaa121]
22. Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Khan MS, Patel UK, Shahid I, Ahmed J, et al. Is there a smoker's paradox in COVID-19?. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2020;26(6):279-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111492]
23. Reddy RK, Charles WN, Sklavounos A, Dutt A, Seed PT, Khajuria A. The effect of smoking on COVID‐19 severity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):1045-56. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jmv.26389]
24. Badedi M, Makrami A, Alnami A. Co-morbidity and blood group type risk in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a case-control study. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(4):550-4. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.035]
25. Jassim MMA, Mahmood MM, Ali SHM, Kamal MS. Interplay between EBERS and P27 tumor suppressor proteins in molecular transformation of nasopharyngeal and sinonasal carcinomas. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(6):894-900. [Link] [DOI:10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01394.9]
26. Clark CE, McDonagh ST, McManus RJ, Martin U. COVID-19 and hypertension: risks and management. A scientific statement on behalf of the British and Irish hypertension society. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35(4):304-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/s41371-020-00451-x]
27. Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel ÉB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(5):905-19. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6]
28. Gheware A, Ray A, Rana D, Bajpai P, Nambirajan A, Arulselvi S, et al. ACE2 protein expression in lung tissues of severe COVID-19 infection. Sci Rep. 2022;12:4058. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-07918-6]
29. Fagyas M, Fejes Z, Sütő R, Nagy Z, Székely B, Pócsi M. Circulating ACE2 activity predicts mortality and disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;115:8-16. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.028]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |