Volume 10, Issue 4 (2022)
Health Educ Health Promot 2022, 10(4): 643-648 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Mehri A, Soltani H, Hosseini Z, Joveini H, Shahrabadi R, Hashemian M. The Role of Education Based on the Perception/Tendency Model on the Use of Energy Supplements in Bodybuilding Athletes: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Health Educ Health Promot 2022; 10 (4) :643-648
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-60530-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-60530-en.html
1- Department of Health Education, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
2- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
2- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
Abstract: (2744 Views)
Aims: One of the essential strategies in reducing energy supplements, especially in adolescents and young individuals, is preventive measures, such as training. This study aimed to determine the effect of prototype willingness model-based training on bodybuilder athletes
Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 112 bodybuilder athletes in Sabzevar and was selected by cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the prototype willingness model. The educational intervention was performed for the experimental group based on the pre-test results. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests in SPSS 21 software.
Findings: The three constructs of attitude, subjective norms, and intention accounted for 23. 1% of the variance in behavioral intention, among which the effect of attitude was more than other variables. Behavioral intention and behavioral willingness predicted 14% of the behavior variance that Behavioral intention had the most significant impact on behavior. Regarding the effect of educational interventions, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of model constructs of imagery and intentions between the two groups before and two months after the educational intervention(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Educational interventions based on the prototype/willingness model could effectively improve the preventive predictor’s behavior of not using energy supplements. The educational intervention aimed at increasing the attitude and reducing the influence of friends can provide the basis for lowering intention and ultimately decreasing the intake of energy supplements in athletes.
Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 112 bodybuilder athletes in Sabzevar and was selected by cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the prototype willingness model. The educational intervention was performed for the experimental group based on the pre-test results. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests in SPSS 21 software.
Findings: The three constructs of attitude, subjective norms, and intention accounted for 23. 1% of the variance in behavioral intention, among which the effect of attitude was more than other variables. Behavioral intention and behavioral willingness predicted 14% of the behavior variance that Behavioral intention had the most significant impact on behavior. Regarding the effect of educational interventions, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of model constructs of imagery and intentions between the two groups before and two months after the educational intervention(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Educational interventions based on the prototype/willingness model could effectively improve the preventive predictor’s behavior of not using energy supplements. The educational intervention aimed at increasing the attitude and reducing the influence of friends can provide the basis for lowering intention and ultimately decreasing the intake of energy supplements in athletes.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Health Education and Health Behavior
Received: 2022/04/2 | Accepted: 2022/07/15 | Published: 2022/09/10
Received: 2022/04/2 | Accepted: 2022/07/15 | Published: 2022/09/10
References
1. Porrini M, Del Boʼ C. Ergogenic aids and supplements. Front Horm Res. 2016;47:128-52. [Link] [DOI:10.1159/000445176]
2. Jeukendrup AE. Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Med. 2017;47(Suppl 1):51-63. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2]
3. Mujika I, Stellingwerff T, Tipton K. Nutrition and training adaptations in aquatic sports. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24(4):414-24. [Link] [DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0033]
4. ods.od.nih.gov [Internet]. Rockledge: National Institute of Health; 2013 [2022 Jan 1]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/. [Link]
5. Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(1):103-23. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7]
6. Attlee A, Haider A, Hassan A, Alzamil N, Hashim M, Obaid RS. Dietary supplement intake and associated factors among gym users in a university community. J Diet Suppl. 2018;15(1):88-97. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/19390211.2017.1326430]
7. Whitehouse G, Lawlis T. Protein supplements and adolescent athletes: a pilot study investigating the risk knowledge, motivations and prevalence of use. Nutr Diet. 2017;74(5):509-15. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/1747-0080.12367]
8. Garcez Nabuco HC, Behrends Rodrigues V, Souza Fernandes VL, de Paula Ravagnani FC, Fett CA, Martínez Espinosa M, et al. Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes. Nutr Hosp. 2016;33(3):278. [Spanish] [Link]
9. Austin KG, Price LL, McGraw SM, Lieberman HR. Predictors of dietary supplement use by U. S. coast guard personnel. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):0133006. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0133006]
10. Frączek B, Warzecha M, Tyrała F, Pięta A. Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2016;67(3):271-8. [Link]
11. Sassone J, Muster M, Barrack MT. Prevalence and predictors of higher-risk supplement use among collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(2):443-50. [Link] [DOI:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002979]
12. Casey A, Hughes J, Izard RM, Greeves JP. Supplement use by UK-based British army soldiers in training. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(7):1175-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S0007114514001597]
13. Saeedi P, Mohd Nasir MT, Hazizi AS, Vafa MR, Rahimi Foroushani A. Nutritional supplement use among fitness club participants in Tehran, Iran. Appetite. 2013;60(1):20-26. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.011]
14. Karimian J, Esfahani PS. Supplement consumption in body builder athletes. J Res Med Sci. 2011;16(10):1347-53. [Link]
15. Darvishi L, Askari G, Hariri M, Bahreynian M, Ghiasvand R, Ehsani S, et al. The use of nutritional supplements among male collegiate athletes. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):68-72. [Link]
16. Knapik JJ, Trone DW, Austin KG, Steelman RA, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence, adverse events, and factors associated with dietary supplement and nutritional supplement use by US navy and marine corps personnel. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(9):1423-42. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jand.2016.02.015]
17. di Lorenzo C, Ceschi A, Kupferschmidt H, Lüde S, de Souza Nascimento E, dos Santos A, et al. Adverse effects of plant food supplements and botanical preparations: a systematic review with critical evaluation of causality. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(4):578-92. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/bcp.12519]
18. Kumar Samal JR, Samal IR. Protein supplements: pros and cons. J Diet Suppl. 2018;15(3):365-71. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/19390211.2017.1353567]
19. Ronis MJJ, Pedersen KB, Watt J. Adverse effects of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;58:583-601. [Link] [DOI:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052844]
20. Glanz K, Rimer B K, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. New York: John Wily & Sons; 2008. [Link]
21. Godin G, Kok G. The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. Am J Health Promot. 1996;11(2):87-98. [Link] [DOI:10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87]
22. Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Blanton H, Russell DW. Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention a sin dependent predictors of health risk. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(5):1164-80. [Link] [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1164]
23. Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Lane DJ. A social reaction model of adolescent health risk. In: Wallston S, editor. Social psychological foundationsof health and illness. Malden: Blackwell; 2003. [Link]
24. Asghari Jafarabadi M, Nadrian H, Allahverdipour H. Social reactions and reasoned pathways of high school students and school dropouts' inclination toward smoking behavior: prototype/willingness modelling via generalized structural equation. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(9):1354-63. [Link]
25. Goel S, Kathiresan J, Singh P, Singh RJ. Effect of a brief smoking cessation intervention on adult tobacco smokers with pulmonary tuberculosis: a cluster randomized controlled trial from North India. Indian J Public Health. 2017;61(Suppl 1):S47-53. [Link] [DOI:10.4103/ijph.IJPH_265_17]
26. Ghodsi M, Maheri M, Joveini H, Rakhshani MH, Mehri A. Designing and evaluating educational intervention to improve preventive behavior against cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic areas in Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2019;10(4):253-62. [Link] [DOI:10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.4.09]
27. Abedini S, MorowatiSharifabad M, Chaleshgar Kordasiabi M, Ghanbarnejad A. Predictors of non- hookah smoking among high-school students based on prototype/willingness model. Health Promot Perspect. 2014;4(1):46-53. [Link]
28. Mehri A, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Morowatisharifabad MA, Nadrian H. Determinants of helmet use behaviour among employed motorcycle riders in Yazd, Iran based on theory of planned behaviour. Injury. 2011;42(9):864-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2010.08.030]
29. Whitaker L, Long J, Petróczi A, Backhouse SH. Using the prototype willingness model to predict doping in sport. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(5):e398-405. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/sms.12148]
30. Guo JL, Wang TF, Liao JY, Huang CM. Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting breastfeeding: meta-analysis and structural equation modeling. Appl Nurs Res. 2016;29:37-42. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.apnr.2015.03.016]
31. Saati Asr MH, Heidari Moghadam R, Bashirian S, Barati M. Effectiveness of educational program based on prototype willingness model on preventing and decreasing anabolic-androgenic steroids among male bodybuilders. KOOMESH. 2018;20(2):263-73. [Persian] [Link]
32. Peña J, Hernández Pérez JF, Khan S, Cano Gómez ÁP. Game perspective-taking effects on players' behavioral intention, attitudes, subjective norms, and self-efficacy to help immigrants: the case of "papers, please". Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018;21(11):687-93. [Link] [DOI:10.1089/cyber.2018.0030]
33. Mehri A, Nadrian H, Morowatisharifabad MA, Akolechy M. Determinants of seat belt use among drivers in Sabzevar, Iran: a comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(1):104-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/15389588.2010.535227]
34. Bashirian S, Hidarnia A, Allahverdipour H, Hajizadeh E. Application of the theory of planned behavior to predict drug abuse related behaviors among adolescents. J Res Health Sci. 2012;12(1):54-60. [Link]
35. Heidarnia A, Barati M, Niknami S, Allahverdipour H, Bashirian S. Effect of a web-based educational program on prevention of tobacco smoking among male adolescents: an application of prototype willingness model. J Educ Community Health. 2016;3:1-11. [Link] [DOI:10.21859/jech-03011]
36. Eslami AA, Jalilian F, Ataee M, Alavijeh MM, Mahboubi M, Afsar A, et al. Intention and willingness in understanding Ritalin misuse among Iranian medical college students: a cross-sectional study. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;6(6):43-53. [Link] [DOI:10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p43]
37. Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Babakhani M, Jalilian F, Vaezi M, Jalilian F, Khashij S, et al. Socio-cognitive determinants of safe road-crossing behaviors: an application of the prototype willingness model. J Inj Violence Res. 2019;11(1):93-100. [Link] [DOI:10.5249/jivr.v11i1.1078]
38. Sarlak Z, Kashi A. The study of effective factors in the use of banned drugs and supplements in newborns in high school students. YAFTEH. 2010;11(3):101-14. [Persian] [Link]
39. Jalilian F, Allahverdipour H, Moeini B, Moghimbeigi A. Effectiveness of anabolic steroid preventative intervention among gym users: Applying theory of planned behavior. Health Promot Perspect. 2011;1(1):32-40. [Link]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |