Volume 7, Issue 1 (2019)
Health Educ Health Promot 2019, 7(1): 9-14 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Farshidi H, Aghamolaei T, Madani A, Ghanbarnezhad A, Safari Moradabadi A, Dadipoor S. Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Hormozgan province Residents’ Southern Iran. Health Educ Health Promot 2019; 7 (1) :9-14
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-19596-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-19596-en.html
1- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3- Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
4- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Public Health Faculty, Hormozgan University of Mrdical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
5- PhD Student Of Health Education And Health Promotion, School Of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6- Mother & Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Mrdical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran , mdadipoor@yahoo.com
2- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3- Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
4- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Public Health Faculty, Hormozgan University of Mrdical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
5- PhD Student Of Health Education And Health Promotion, School Of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6- Mother & Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Mrdical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran , mdadipoor@yahoo.com
Abstract: (5290 Views)
Aims: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) implies one’s inevitable inhale of smoke within a polluted environment. The present Study aimed to investigate the extent to which Hormozgan province residents were exposed to ETS.
Materials & Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, a sample of 3962 residents of Hormozgan province (Urban-rural) was selected through a stratified clustering method and entered the study. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researcher which was comprised of two sections. The first section contained demographic information and also enquired about subject’s exposure to ETS as well as the smoking site. Chi-squared test and binary regression were used. The collected data were analyzed via SPSS 19.0.
Findings: 984 subjects (24.8%) were exposed to ETS and women were significantly more exposed to ETS than men (p<0.001). The most probable sites of exposure to ETS were found to be respectively home (52.6%), public places (25.5%) and workplace (21.9%). The highest degree of exposure to ETS was found in Bashagard County (69.6%) while the lowest degree showed to belong to Khamir (14.1%). A statistically significant correlation was found between exposure to ETS and age (p<0.001) and education level (p<.019).
Conclusion: Awareness raising towards the hazards of ETS, warning against smoking indoors, monitoring how anti-smoking rules are applied in public places and workplace, the formation of domestic anti-smoking campaigns, informing the youth through mass media especially women and teenagers are all suggested to cut down on exposure to ETS.
Materials & Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, a sample of 3962 residents of Hormozgan province (Urban-rural) was selected through a stratified clustering method and entered the study. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researcher which was comprised of two sections. The first section contained demographic information and also enquired about subject’s exposure to ETS as well as the smoking site. Chi-squared test and binary regression were used. The collected data were analyzed via SPSS 19.0.
Findings: 984 subjects (24.8%) were exposed to ETS and women were significantly more exposed to ETS than men (p<0.001). The most probable sites of exposure to ETS were found to be respectively home (52.6%), public places (25.5%) and workplace (21.9%). The highest degree of exposure to ETS was found in Bashagard County (69.6%) while the lowest degree showed to belong to Khamir (14.1%). A statistically significant correlation was found between exposure to ETS and age (p<0.001) and education level (p<.019).
Conclusion: Awareness raising towards the hazards of ETS, warning against smoking indoors, monitoring how anti-smoking rules are applied in public places and workplace, the formation of domestic anti-smoking campaigns, informing the youth through mass media especially women and teenagers are all suggested to cut down on exposure to ETS.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Health Promotion Approaches
Received: 2018/04/29 | Accepted: 2018/08/19 | Published: 2019/01/21
Received: 2018/04/29 | Accepted: 2018/08/19 | Published: 2019/01/21
References
1. Sun LY, Cheong HK, Lee EW, Kang KJ, Park JH. Affecting factors of secondhand smoke exposure in Korea: Focused on different exposure locations. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(9):1362-72. [Link] [DOI:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.9.1362]
2. Al Zabadi H, Tarayra A, Ghnima R, Jarar A, Khdor H, Kdarat T. Exposure evaluation of environmental tobacco smoke: Gender and socioeconomic disparities in a low income Country-Palestine. Health Sci J. 2016;10(6):472. [Link]
3. Gharaibeh H, Haddad L, Alzyoud S, El-Shahawy O, Baker NA, Umlauf M. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in avoiding secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking employed women with higher education in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(11):4207-19. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph8114207]
4. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2018 Feb 24]. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2017/en/ [Link]
5. Palipudi KM, Sinha DN, Choudhury S, Mustafa Z, Andes L, Asma S. Exposure to tobacco smoke among adults in Bangladesh. Indian J Public Health. 2011;55(3):210-9. [Link] [DOI:10.4103/0019-557X.89942]
6. Shakibazadeh E, Ahmadnia H. The relationship between maternal passive smoking and birth weight and height of newborns. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2004;11(45):37-40. [Persian] [Link]
7. Amini Sani N, Shamshirgaran SM, Ghavam Nasiri MR, Setayesh Y. The effect of active and passive smoking associated with breast cancer. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2005;7(1):63-8. [Persian] [Link]
8. Xiao L, Yang Y, Li Q, Wang CX, Yang GH. Population-based survey of secondhand smoke exposure in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2010;23(6):430-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0895-3988(11)60003-2]
9. Hughes SC, Corcos IA, Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Seo DC, Irvin VL, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adults in Seoul, Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2008;9(2):247-52. [Link]
10. Agaku IT, Singh T, Rolle I, Olalekan AY, King BA. Prevalence and determinants of secondhand smoke exposure among middle and high school students. Pediatrics. 2016;137(2):e20151985. [Link] [DOI:10.1542/peds.2015-1985]
11. Ahmed MS, Neyaz A. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among non-smoker adult females in urban households of Aligarh, India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2015;2(3):263-7. [Link] [DOI:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20150480]
12. Gilman SE, Rende R, Boergers J, Abrams DB, Buka SL, Clark MA, et al. Parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation: An intergenerational perspective on tobacco control. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):e274-81. [Link] [DOI:10.1542/peds.2008-2251]
13. Skorge TD, Eagan TML, Eide GE, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in a general population. Respir Med. 2007;101(2):277-85. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.05.010]
14. Kaneita Y, Yokoyama E, Miyake T, Harano S, Asai T, Tsutsui T, et al. Epidemiological study on passive smoking among Japanese infants and smoking behavior of their respective parents: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. Prev Med. 2006;42(3):210-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.11.017]
15. Wipfli H, Avila-Tang E, Navas-Acien A, Kim S, Onicescu G, Yuan J, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: Evidence from 31 countries. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(4):672-9. [Link] [DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126631]
16. Gu D, Wu X, Reynolds K, Duan X, Xin X, Reynolds RF, et al. Cigarette smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in China: The international collaborative study of cardiovascular disease in Asia. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(11):1972-6. [Link] [DOI:10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1972]
17. Maziak W, Ward KD, Eissenberg T. Measuring exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS): A developing country's perspective. Prev Med. 2006;42(6):409-14. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.008]
18. Emmons KM, Abrams DB, Marshall RJ, Etzel RA, Novotny TE, Marcus BH, et al. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in naturalistic settings. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(1):24-8. [Link] [DOI:10.2105/AJPH.82.1.24]
19. Nebot M, López MJ, Gorini G, Neuberger M, Axelsson S, Pilali M, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places of European cities. Tob Control. 2005;14(1):60-3. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/tc.2004.008581]
20. Hughes SC, Usita PM, Hovell MF, Richard Hofstetter C. Reactions to secondhand smoke by nonsmokers of Korean descent: Clash of cultures?. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(4):766-71. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10903-010-9351-7]
21. Lee BE, Ha EH. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among South Korean adults: A cross-sectional study of the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Health. 2011;10:29. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1476-069X-10-29]
22. Kim S. Smoking prevalence and the association between smoking and sociodemographic factors using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2008 to 2010. Tob Use Insights. 2012;5:17-26. [Link] [DOI:10.4137/TUI.S9841]
23. Iribarren C, Friedman GD, Klatsky AL, Eisner MD. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: Association with personal characteristics and self reported health conditions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(10):721-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/jech.55.10.721]
24. Soliman S, Pollack HA, Warner KE. Decrease in the prevalence of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the home during the 1990s in families with children. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(2):314-20. [Link] [DOI:10.2105/AJPH.94.2.314]
25. Lund KE, Helgason AR. Environmental tobacco smoke in Norwegian homes, 1995 and 2001: Changes in children's exposure and parents attitudes and health risk awareness. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(2):123-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/eurpub/cki075]
26. Crone MR, Reijneveld SA, Willemsen MC, Hira Sing RA. Parental education on passive smoking in infancy does work. Eur J Public Health. 2003;13(3):269-74. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/eurpub/13.3.269]
27. Rohrbach LA, Howard-Pitney B, Unger JB, Dent CW, Howard KA, Cruz TB, et al. Independent evaluation of the California Tobacco Control Program: Relationships between program exposure and outcomes, 1996-1998. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(6):975-83. [Link] [DOI:10.2105/AJPH.92.6.975]
28. Shiva F, Padyab M. Smoking practices and risk awareness in parents regarding passive smoke exposure of their preschool children: A cross-sectional study in Tehran. Indian J Med Sci. 2008;62(6):228-35. [Link] [DOI:10.4103/0019-5359.41609]
29. Martinez E, Kaplan CP, Guil V, Gregorich SE, Mejia R, Pérez-Stable EJ. Smoking behavior and demographic risk factors in Argentina: A population-based survey. Prev Control. 2006;2(4):187-97. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.precon.2007.07.002]
30. Petersen AB, Thompson LM, Dadi GB, Tolcha A, Cataldo JK. Factors associated with secondhand tobacco smoke in the home: An exploratory cross-sectional study among women in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):910. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-3588-6]
31. Williams CT, Grier SA, Marks AS. "Coming to town": The impact of urbanicity, cigarette advertising, and network norms on the smoking attitudes of black women in Cape Town, South Africa. J Urban Health. 2008;85(4):472-85. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11524-008-9286-7]
32. Finch K, Ma S, Qin D, Xin G, Xia W, Novotny TE. Smoking knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among rural-to-urban migrant women in Beijing, China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010;22(3):342-53. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1010539509335034]
33. Kassim S, Rogers N, Leach K. The likelihood of khat chewing serving as a neglected and reverse 'gateway' to tobacco use among UK adult male khat chewers: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:448. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-14-448]
34. Yang GH, Ma JM, Liu N, Zhou LN. Smoking and passive smoking in Chinese, 2002. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2005;26(2):77-83. [Chinese] [Link]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |