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The present study evaluated the effects of reducing agricultural tariffs in different scenarios on food security and macroeconomic variables that using a computable general equilibrium model and data from Afghanistan's social accounting matrix. The effects of reducing tariffs were evaluated at 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, and 100% (full liberalization). The results of this study showed that imports and consumption of cereals, fruits, vegetables, and livestock are gradually increased for households. Additionally, the increased purchasing power of households led to an increased demand for food, which improved food security and ultimately the health of households and society. Therefore, support for special facilities in the field of eliminating tariffs on agricultural products is essential.

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     The Oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is one of the most important and serious enemies of honeybees. In this study, the annual population dynamics and daily activity rhythm of Oriental hornet were examined, based on the number of adults trapped in an apiary located in Ahvaz (southwest of Iran) during a period of two years (January 2021 to December 2022). Samplings were performed using the box traps available in the market. The bait used in the traps was fresh chicken liver, with the traps checked daily in four time periods. The results revealed that the first overwintering queens (gynes) emerged in March and two population peaks of newly emerged hornet workers occurred during the year, one in July and the other in October. In late November and early December, no adult hornet was trapped. The daily activity rhythm of adult hornets was observed mostly during 9 - 12, almost twice as much as in the afternoon period (12 - 15). The lowest activity was recorded in the evening period and night (6 pm - 9 am). During both years of sampling, the seasonal abundance of adult hornets displayed a significant positive correlation with air temperature and a significant negative correlation with relative humidity. By comparing the result of our findings with other studies performed in the same and different climate zones, it can be hoped to present effective methods to control the population of V. orientalis, especially in areas that have extensive beekeeping.

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Aims: Fatalistic employees take serious risks because they have limited knowledge of risks and accidents, leading them to under estimate the possibility of their occurrence. This research examined the effectiveness of safety training on changing employees’ fatalism with attention to the mediating role of attitude toward safety issues. Methods: 204 employees was selected according to the stratified random sampling method in Isfahan Steel Company, divided randomly into control group (n=103) and experimental group (n=101) and the questionnaires of safety attitude and fatalism were applied as data collection instruments. The data was collected before intervention, and educational intervention was then executed in four 90-minute sessions over four days. One month after intervention, post-test was performed and the collected data was analyzed using descriptive indexes, t- and F-tests. Findings: Results show that there was a significant statistical difference in average numbers of attitude toward safety issues and fatalism before and after training intervention (p<0.01). Also, mediation analysis indicated attitude toward safety issues mediated the effect of safety trainings on fatalism (p>0.05). Therefore, safety training only by promoting workers’ safety attitudes can change the fatalistic beliefs among employees. Conclusion: By understanding relationship between fatalism and safety attitude, it should be possible to improve the training of employees, such that are less likely to attribute accidents to chance or fate.

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In this research 52 species of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) have been reported from the northeastern Fars province, of which the species of Hylaeus punctus Förster and Hoplitis leucomelana Kirby were new records for Iran fauna. Among the material examined, there were 11 species of Apidae, 19 species of Halictidae, 1 species of Andrenidae, 4 species of Colletidae and 17 species of Megachilidae. Phoretic mites belonging to four genera Parapygmephorus, Vidia, Imparipes and Anoetus were associated with halictid and meghachilid bees. Among associated mites with collected bees Imparipes burgeri Ebermann & Jagersbacher-Baumann belonging to the family Scutacaridae was new for Iran fauna and Asia. We also collected five new mite species for science. These species were belong to the genera Parapygmephorus (1 species), Vidia (1 species), and Anoetus (3 species) of the families Neopygmephoridae, Winterschmidtiidae and Anoetidae respectively that will be described elsewhere. All specimens are deposited in the “Collection of Iranian Pollinator Insects” of Yasouj University.

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Aim: It has been shown that workers who had previously been involved in a work accident had significantly lower situation awareness scores than those who had not had an accident in the workplace. In this study, we examined the role of stress, sleep loss and fatigue in predicting situation awareness among workers. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisting of 180 employees in National Petrochemical Company in 2014 was selected according to the stratified random sampling method. They responded to questionnaires about work situation awareness, work stress, sleep loss and fatigue. The data were analyzed by correlation techniques and stepwise regression. Findings: The results showed a significant internal correlation among work stress, sleep loss and fatigue, and work situation awareness. Also the results of stepwise regression analysis showed that sleep loss, fatigue and stress predicted, respectively, almost 25%, 23% and 21% of variances of work situation awareness among workers. Conclusion: The variables of stress, sleep loss and fatigue could predict work situation awareness. Therefore, these variables can be important to promoting the awareness of work situation among workers

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Aim: Depression symptoms play a major role in eating disorders; however, research shows that non-adaptive emotion regulation strategy is also associated with depression symptoms. The current study examined the mediating role of the emotion regulation strategy on the relationship between depression symptom and disordered eating among students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on a sample of 264 female students at Allameh Tabatabaie University, according to Morgan and Cluster samplings. The participants completed the questionnaires of depression, emotion regulation and eating attitudes test. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using coefficient correlation and stepwise regression. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.01.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant correlation among emotion regulation difficulties, depression symptom and disordered eating (p<0.01). Also regression analysis indicated that emotion regulation difficulties significantly mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and disordered eating (p<0.01).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, examining the role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between depression symptoms and eating disorders indicated that eating disorder is the regulating mechanism in reducing depression.

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Background: Rapid test and conventional ELISA are common immunological assays used for the detection of HIV infection. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence rate of   HIV infection by rapid test used for screening HIV infection and then confirmed the positive cases with ELISA and western blot tests.
Materials and Methods: In this analytical descriptive study, 1964 out of 6923 patients who were referred to the Consult Center of Behavior Diseases, West Health Center (Valfajr Clinic), Iran University of Medical Sciences were subjected to rapid test for screening HIV infection from July 2012 to September 2014.
Results: Thirty seven out of 1964(1.88%) cases were confirmed as positive by rapid HIV test. All of the positive cases confirmed by rapid test were also confirmed as positive by ELISA and western blot tests. According to the data analysis of this study, among people diagnosed as HIV positive using rapid test, 12(32.4%) cases had unsafe heterosexual contact, followed by 10 (27%) cases of IDUs with a history of prison, shared injection, and unsafe heterosexual contact.
Conclusion:  The use of rapid test as a screening test for diagnosing HIV infection and the confirmation of all the positive and suspected negative cases by the ELISA test or western blot is recommended. 

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With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamic ideological discourse as the most important element in the discursive field of the discourse of modernism was able to articulate with other sub-discourses and according to its capabilities, credibility and populism was able to bring the transcendence of their discourse to the foreground in comparison with the dominant discourse and especially in relation to rival discourses. This new discourse with the creation of a new ideal space emerged as a discourse of hegemony and created a dominant political construction in this period in the history of Iran. What further led to the hegemony of this Islamic ideological discourse over rival discourses, along with Ayatollah Khomeini's charisma, was the adoption of a strategy right under the guise of a policy of solidarity between different groups in the sense that Laclau and Mouffe envisioned. It signifies the creation of an organic alliance between groups, parties, organizations, and the masses with the aim of turning social affairs into political ones. This study deals with a fundamental approach and using an analytic-descriptive method i.e discourse analysis, investigates the dominance of Islamic ideological discourse over the political construction of space in the first decade of the revolution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between space, power and discourse in the Foucaultian sense and its effect on the political construction of space. The central signifier of this discourse is the Islamic ideology that emerged in opposition to and in the negation of the centrality of the previous discourse, Western modernism. Also, the space-place notion in which this discourse is manifested is the Islamic nation where the element of land is eliminated and extended to the realm of the world, instead.

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Wetlands as a situ for the growth of native plants, as a habitat for certain species of fish and aquatic birds, and because of their potential economic, cultural and recreational services, are valuable heritage so their protection and conservation is very essential. Mostly due to the absence of wetlands services’ valuation, lack of special regulations, and lack of guarantee for these properties, resources and services of wetlands are not utilized appropriately, and destructed and evacuated in a free and unrestricted fashion, leading to inefficiency in use. The purpose of this study is the economic valuation of Gavkhony wetland ecosystem attributes, estimation of implicit price for attributes, impact assessment of socio-economic variables such as age, marriage, indigenous, family size and education on willingness to pay (WTP), and analyzing welfare and compensation variation due to variation of hypothetical policy. The approach being used is choice experiment that is a subset of choice modeling procedure and stated preference method. Data were collected from six different choice experiments provided in the questionnaires, which were filled out by 500 randomly selected households in Isfahan and Varzaneh cities in the spring and summer of 2013. Each questionnaire contained 72 hypothetical policies, 36 choice sets, 2442 observations and 7327 rows of data. Nested Logitech models and Hausman-MacFadden test were used in order to estimate the visitors’ WTP for improving attribute levels for Gavkhony wetland. This procedure was used on the basis of multinomial discrete choice analysis of preferences, Lancaster’s theory of value and the theory of random utility function. The Hausman-MacFadden test results showed that cross-elasticity between the first and third options was the same. Thus, these two options were placed in the second nest. The results further showed that the visitors had WTP for preserving forest diversity and vegetation of wetlands and its surrounding; preserve of natural habitats and organisms life of wetland (bird, fish and animals); wetland hygiene (preventing industrial and domestic effluent, and water salinity); and increasing the water surface (increasing wetland water inlet). The values estimated for these four aspects correspondingly were 8636, 12584, 11553 and 4740 Rials. Some socio-economic variables such as gender, marriage, age, family expenditure, education and being native had a positive impact on the visitors’ WTP. The surplus welfareresults showed that in 72 hypothetical policies, option 1 had the most positive welfare, and option 5 had the most negative welfare for the users of Govkhony wetland. The surplus welfare results based on WTP estimation provide important tools for policy making.

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The adequacy of the SWAT model in the estimation of runoff, sediment yield and nitrate loss in the Gorganrood watershed was tested, using the existing spatial database as the primary data. The model was then executed for a 31-years’ time period. In combination with the SWAT model, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Program (SWAT-CUP and SUFI-2) was added used to calibrate and validate a hydrologic model of the watershed. The obtained values at 14 stations were between 0.48 to 0.83 for NS and 0.58 to 0.90 for R², respectively. The results showed that nitrate loss was higher in cultivated lands, and in the loess deposits. The maximum amounts of runoff and sediment yield were largely produced in steep areas of the watershed, where dry farming was practiced. In general, the results showed that SWAT could be a proper tool for simulating runoff, sediment yield and nitrate loss into the river.

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Aim: This research has tried to study the relationship of loneliness, perceived social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness with suicide among Iranian university students.
Methods: The participants of the study included a pool of 315 Iranian university students who were randomly chosen from the students studying in 2015-2016. The study design was correlational and cross-sectional. Data were collected through using four instruments: Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA), and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and step-wise regression were conducted.
Findings: The findings revealed that while the males scored higher in both factors of thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness, the females possessed greater amount of loneliness and higher rate of perceived social support as compared to their male counterparts. Moreover, although no significant difference was found between marital status and suicide, single people showed more burdensomeness whereas married people felt higher amount of loneliness as well as higher perceived social support.
Conclusion: Finally, based on the results, we can conclude that interpersonal psychological theory of suicide is moderately helpful in predicting and explaining suicidal behaviors in students.

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The Arbaeen pilgrimage, a remarkable display of cultural-religious beliefs intertwined with time and space, embodies the essence of human faith in action. This research delves into the aesthetic aspects of this momentous journey, exploring its positive and negative components and proposing solutions for enhancement and rectification. Assessing aesthetic perception and judgment is a complex endeavor that necessitates empirical studies, conceptualizing, and evaluating human emotions. Measuring emotional concepts extends beyond the artistic realm, encompassing design, environment, nature, and even cognitive frameworks.
This study aims to evaluate the aesthetic emotions of pilgrims during the Arbaeen pilgrimage, addressing objectives such as the factors influencing aesthetic emotions, the impact of the environment on aesthetic emotions during Arbaeen, the effect of emotions on individual satisfaction, and providing recommendations for environmental improvement and enhanced pilgrim aesthetic experiences.
Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Data was gathered through a specialized questionnaire based on the Neuroscience Aesthetics Scale, interviews, and field observations conducted by the researchers during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The target population comprised 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Based on the comprehensive data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and enhance the environmental quality.
The target population consisted of 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Finally, based on all the collected data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and increase the environmental quality. The results indicated that the aesthetic experiences of the pilgrims were influenced by three main factors: management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects. These factors can be further classified into 15 sub-components. The findings of this study suggest that by improving the three areas of management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects, the quality of the aesthetic experience of the pilgrims in the Arbaeen pilgrimage can be enhanced. This can be achieved through various measures, including cultural training, improved infrastructure, appropriate planning, coordination between organizations, the use of technology, monitoring, and evaluation.

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Spatial continuity particularly continuity between inside and outside is a concept that man always was looking forward to express it in architecture. It is a trait for expanding a restricted area and relating the spaces to other adjacent spaces in order to have more physical-visual or intellectual-moral motions. Although the boundaries of spaces create spatial order and specify the quality of space, on the other hand, one another trait of architecture is continuity which leads to dynamism and motion. A continuous space is opposite to a closed and interrupted one, so in such spaces there is a spatial locomotion towards horizontal and vertical axis. These motions cause transparency and mobility towards the bulk of materials such as walls and columns in a way that the paths of moving or the directions of the sight are continuous. In the field of architectural expressions, continuity has several types and in this case, one of the categories can be noticed. This classification include four cases such as Historical, Cultural–social, Natural and Spatial continuity. Any of them has its definition, but in what follows, the spatial continuity will be described in detail. Spatial continuity can be studied in four states: First, the interior and exterior; in this case, besides the continuity makes perspective expansion, it inspires the concept of «being inside». The user requires both inside and outside spaces, and also the ability to move between these two spaces. Therefore, the architect should visualize and form inside and outside as a unit concept. Second case, between two interior spaces; flexible interior space, diversity and maximize capacity of space can be achieved in this way. Third, in an interior; this kind of continuity is more understood in a large enclosed space such as a church or a mosque. The fourth state, in the space outside the building; in open spaces or urban spaces can be observed. Any interior space may have continuation in six axes. Spatial continuity can be established through some architectural features, these factors include: Transparent layers; the most important factor to create continuity between two spaces. Transparency can be made by embedding the openings, doors and windows. Axis; axis represent the directions and correlate different elements to each other. In other words, axes connect spaces like a string. Although axes can be defined in various ways, two directions are often stronger than the others because the orientation of human kind is based on the horizontal and vertical direction. Rhythm and Repetition; the most important and most tangible factors that can represent spatial continuity are rhythm and repetition. Continuation and repetition are the basis of continuity. Continuation of surfaces; shared elements between the two spaces arouses a sense of continuity to the spectator. Continuity will be well understood when the surfaces of the floor, wall or ceiling of a space stretches to another space. Intermediate space; intermediate space (the third space) is one of the main factors of continuity and sequencing of architectural elements. Although this item separate two spaces, it causes the continuation without any separation between them. In each ancient and modern architecture, new methods can be observed, trying to show spatial continuity. In modern age, progress in technology and release of Classic principals (norms) caused the best type of continuity. Modern architects reduced the confliction of inside and outside and ignored the role of walls as separator elements by eliminating the boundaries of interior space. Modern architecture incorporated inside and outside to let them form one unique continuous space, without any difference between interior and exterior space. Spatial continuity in modern architecture: In modern architecture a continuous space is created by eliminating or neglecting the role of walls (separators). Therefore, there is no difference remains between inside and outside. The boundaries have become smooth, so visual continuity and accordingly, spatial continuity arises. In other words the walls lose their existence and permanency, the conflict of inside and outside is eliminated therefore the meaning of inside is weakened. The same as universal architecture, there are some rules in ancient Iranian architecture to represent spatial continuity, however mentioning the spiritual and moral sides of continuity. Iranian architectural space include three categories from the primitive time: closed, covered and open spaces. These three mainsubspaces define the whole space. Room, as a closed space, porch (Ivan) as a semi closed one and the yard as an open space. Iranian architects always try to track the continuity between these three items in their design process. They have attempted to pass the user through the space unimpeded, promoting the idea of transparency, lightness and spatial continuity, by reducing the bulk of mass and increasing the space. Iranian architectural space can be thought of as a wavy space. Conjunction with unlimited space is created through the light and perspective expansion, and space expansion between the components. Continuity through these spaces were shown spreading natural lights, and the extension of the sceneries and perspectives. Iranian architects tried to reduce the material mass of the building body in order to achieve transparency and spiritual lightness. In this essay we are intending to study the level of effect of traditional Iranian architecture on contemporary Iranian architecture and the level of effect of modern architecture on it, and finally we will make a comparison between them. For this review, a descriptive–analytic observation is set that the criteria of comparison are the factors of spatial continuity of Iranian and modern architecture. For each architectural Style, factors that represent continuity is listed, mentioning that any of these factors can be used in which state, relating the inside and outside. So this will assort results in a set of tables for each Style. A number of public buildings, built during 50 decade till now is selected for analyzing the factors in each group. Four of them will be expounded. At last the results can be observed in a detailed table, along with, a diagram represents the percentage of each factor’s participation in indicating spatial continuity in both Iranian and modern architecture.

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Background: The issue of airport noise pollution is of paramount importance to communities in the vicinity of airports.
Materials and Methods: The potential effects of aircraft noise at the Imam Khomeini International Airport (Iran) was investigated by employing remote sensing and the geographic information system (GIS) in conjunction with an optimization algorithm integrated with CadnaA software. CadnaA is a computer model used to develop noise exposure maps (NEMs) to determine how noise affects a specific area. The results of aircraft noise modeling with this software for three scenarios (in 2015, 2025 and 2035) are provided in the NEMs. A georeferenced GIS database was built in Envi software comprising topography and land use data, the results of the CadnaA model and project data. These maps were overlaid. Face-to-face interviews were carried out by canvassing door-to-door in the permitted survey sites near IKIA and by structural modeling of the questionnaire estimates using AMOS.7 software.
Results: The results showed that the CadnaA model well simulated and predicted noise changes in different scenarios. The results of the map overlay indicate the compatibility of existing land use around the IKIA airport with noise levels and provided alerts against the development of residential areas in the near future.
Conclusions: The results of the questionnaires indicate a high L_DEN correlation coefficient and irritation levels from aircraft noise. Urban development around the airport as well as an increase in the number of flights and runways at IKIA should be carefully studied.

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Performance evaluation is one of the important components of each organization, and educational organizations are not exceptions. According to the results of many studies, the single most important factor in determining student academic success or failure is the classroom teacher. Therefore, teachers are at the center of attempts to improve or reform the educational system of any country. Because of their importance, educational systems need to be assured that teachers perform their best to enhance student learning and try to improve teachers’ performance by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their performance for further professional development. Both of these aims can be achieved by developing a research-based teacher evaluation system. With due consideration of the requirements of developing an evaluation procedure, the present study aims at proposing a new model for EFL teacher performance appraisal.  For so doing, a number of relevant studies on teacher evaluation and effective teaching, relevant national documents, and EFL teachers’ and experts’ views were investigated. Then, for making decision regarding the components of the assessment procedure, Delphi technique was used. The decisions made about the components of proposed model are discussed and the requirements for its implementation are explained

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Teaching L2 vocabulary through different techniques, plays an important role in the enhancement of vocabulary knowledge. This study investigated teaching derivatives through explicit and incidental approaches. Explicit approach, has specifically focused on word part strategy and the roles and meanings of suffixes. In incidental approach, some texts included derivatives, were taught to L2 learners. Two hypothesis were considered: 1. teaching affixes explicitly would help guess the meaning and part of speech of words and this kind of instruction affects learners’ comprehension positively. 2. More exposure to derivatives would influence on understanding unfamiliar words and vocabulary knowledge effectively. After a pilot experiment, 40 Persian learners of Dehkhoda institute in intermediate 1 level were selected and examined for this investigation. They were divided into two groups, the controls and the experimentals . During the instruction, those suffixes were selected that were more frequent in core vocabulary. Suffixes such as /-gar/ which makes job names (in /bɑzigar/ that means actor) or suffixes which make a new grammatical category such as noun making /-eʃ/ (in /dɑneʃ/ that means knowledge), were selected for teaching and testing. 4 texts, included unfamiliar derivatives, were taught to control group. There were two reading comprehension questions after each text. In contrast, the meaning and usage of affixes were instructed to experimental group and then some exercises were given to them. The subjects participated in one test which was administered twice as pretest and posttest before and after the treatment. The result of data analysis showed that the experimental group who received explicit teaching of suffixes and word formation, improved significantly in comparison with the control group who received some texts. Therefore, the first hypothesis was confirmed. Furthermore, it was proved in another analysis that the posttest result of two groups outperformed the pretest significantly. Hence, the second hypothesis was proved out. However, incidental teaching of derivatives can affect vocabulary knowledge, the result of explicit teaching is still more meaningful.

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Aims: Covid-19 is a new disease that threatens public health. To combat this disease, the first step is to recognize the behavioral categories of people and their reactions, then provide solutions to improve people's preventive behavior. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral patterns of people using the lived experiences of experts in the 4030 call system.
Participants & Methods: In this qualitative research, data were collected from the lived experiences of experts in the 4030 call system by purposeful snowball sampling to achieve theoretical saturation through semi-structured interviews. Ultimately, the codes were converted into categories and sub-categories using MAXQDA 11 software.
Findings: After analyzing people's behavior, in addition to some appropriate behaviors, seven inappropriate behaviors were found, including reckless behaviors, inappropriate responses to fear and stress, indifference and negligence, creating family tension, obsession, and rejecting the sick or recovered patients. The solutions found in dealing with the different inappropriate behaviors of people are as follows: recognizing the cause of behaviors, education and counseling, policymaking and planning simultaneously with proper management, trust-building, monitoring and follow-up, and making laws by taking into account the implementation of Covid-19 prevention protocols.
Conclusion: Individuals had different behaviors at the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, many of which were improper and led to problematic circumstances. The strategies proposed by 4030 call system experts include a proper understanding of the behaviors and their causes, policymaking, planning and enforcing laws appropriate to the challenges ahead, and face-to-face or virtual counseling and training.