Volume 11, Issue 3 (2023)
Health Educ Health Promot 2023, 11(3): 441-445 |
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Dewi U, Windarti Y, Hayani H. Effect of Lactation Psychoeducation Using a Video-Based Comprehensive Model on the Mothers’ Level of Anxiety in Breastfeeding. Health Educ Health Promot 2023; 11 (3) :441-445
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-71438-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-71438-en.html
1- Department of Midwife, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
2- Department of Midwife Profession Education, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
3- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University 45 Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
2- Department of Midwife Profession Education, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
3- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University 45 Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Introduction
The achievement of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia has decreased in the last three years. This achievement reached 68.7% in 2018, decreased to 65.8% in 2019, and became 52.5% in 2021. This achievement has slightly increased to 67.96% in 2022. Achievements in exclusive breastfeeding in Java East reached 50.95% lower than in Central Java and West Java.
Culture and myths in breastfeeding related to colostrum are considered spoiled milk, use of formula milk is considered better and supports social status, and covert promotion of breastfeeding products through online media is alleged to be an inhibiting factor in breastfeeding [1]. Colostrum will turn into mature milk on day 14. Delaying breastfeeding until waiting for mature milk can cause delays in milk production and a lack of bonding between mother and baby. Little milk production due to delaying breastfeeding can cause anxiety for breastfeeding mothers, so they decide to give formula milk as a complement to breast milk. Efforts that have been made to increase exclusive breastfeeding include breastfeeding outreach, IYCF ToT training, and the development of IYCF tele-counseling websites. Community behavior regarding culture and myths about breastfeeding needs to be changed through a psychological approach to providing education or psychoeducation. Psychoeducation integrates and synergizes psychotherapy and educational interventions to strengthen coping strategies or a special way of dealing with mental changes [2-4].
The myth of breastfeeding is a legacy passed down from generation to generation, so in overcoming this problem, it is necessary to involve the family, both parents and husband. Support from husbands and families in implementing lactation psychoeducation can increase mothers' compliance and confidence in breastfeeding [5]. In line with the increasingly rapid development of information technology, psychoeducation can be implemented digitally without having to meet face-to-face with resource persons. Several studies have proven that providing digital education on breastfeeding can significantly increase the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers [6].
Providing psychoeducation needs to be carried out in stages over several sessions, requiring an agreed time to meet with a therapist. Sometimes the implementation of psychoeducation is hampered due to obstacles in arranging time for the implementation of psychoeducation. The flexibility of methods and media in the implementation of psychoeducation is needed so that it can provide the expected results. Comprehensive psychoeducation also greatly supports the successful implementation of psychoeducation [7, 8]. Implementation of a comprehensive psychoeducation model combines providing information, skills training, and support. Breastfeeding mothers and their families need comprehensive psychoeducation regarding breastfeeding. It is hoped that all stages in implementing psychoeducation for breastfeeding mothers and their families can be provided coherently. Flexibility in implementing psychoeducation can be supported using various psychoeducation media choices, including posters, booklets, leaflets, and videos [2, 9-11]. Implementing digital-based lactation psychoeducation that is easily accessible can increase interest in implementing psychoeducation [12, 13].
This study aimed to analyze the effect of lactation psychoeducation using a comprehensive video-based model on maternal anxiety levels in breastfeeding.
Materials and Methods
This quasi-experimental research was conducted with a pre- and post-test one-group design from June to August 2023 in all postpartum mothers in the working area of the Surabaya City health center. The cluster random sampling method was used to divide the work areas of Surabaya City Health Centers, namely Central Surabaya, West Surabaya, East Surabaya, North Surabaya, and South Surabaya. The selection of Community Health Centers in each work area was carried out randomly, and 213 respondents were selected.
The comprehensive model of lactation psychoeducation is implemented through three stages; (1) initial assessment stage using an anxiety and behavior questionnaire in breastfeeding, which aims to determine the respondent's level of anxiety and behavior in breastfeeding; (2) providing video-based material about myths and facts about breastfeeding by involving breastfeeding mothers and their families; (3) final assessment which aims to measure changes in postpartum anxiety levels and behavior in breastfeeding (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Stages of implementing psychoeducation
Before and after being given psychoeducation, anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) which consists of 20 items using 4 Likert scales (1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, 4=almost always) with a total score 20-80 with division into categories of mild anxiety (Score 20-40), moderate anxiety (Score 41-60), severe anxiety (Score 61-80) [11-18].
The recap results of filling out the questionnaire were analyzed using a paired T-test to determine whether or not there was an effect before and after treatment.
Findings
Most of the respondents 71.4% were aged 20-30 years, 93% of respondents had secondary education, 70.9% of respondents were multigravida, 29.6% of respondents were postpartum mothers 6 hours postpartum, 55.4% were normal birth types, 53.1 % of babies are female, 70.4% of respondents were housewives, 55.4% of respondents had received lactation IEC after giving birth, 69.5% of IEC providers were midwives, 62.4% of families who supported breastfeeding were husbands (Table 1).
Table 1. Mean and frequency (the numbers in parentheses are percentages) of the characteristics of the respondents
Before being given lactation psychoeducation, 18.3% experienced severe anxiety, which then decreased to 0.9% after being given lactation psychoeducation. Moderate anxiety level before being given psychoeducation was 35.7 to 20.7%. The level of mild anxiety before being given psychoeducation was 18.3% to 0.9% after being given psychoeducation (p<0.0001).
Discussion
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lactation psychoeducation using a comprehensive video-based model on anxiety levels in breastfeeding mothers.
Anxiety levels decreased significantly after being given lactation psychoeducation. Severe anxiety decreased to 0.9% after being given lactation psychoeducation. The age category of respondents who experienced the most anxiety was 20-30 years old, namely 71.4%. The severe anxiety category is experienced most by mothers aged 20-30 years, namely 13.1%. Research in China [19] found that severe anxiety often occurs in younger breastfeeding mothers. Sun et al. This age is included in the category of young adulthood based on the stages of social-psychological development [20, 21].
In young adulthood, individuals begin to apply and use their knowledge and analytical skills [22]. Analytical capabilities can make it easier for respondents to absorb the information presented through lactation psychoeducation videos. 62.4% of families involved in providing lactation education are husbands. Mild anxiety was often experienced by respondents whose husbands were involved in providing lactation education, namely 62.2%. The role of the family in providing lactation education supports the success of lactation because the family is the closest person, so most of the mother's interactions are with her family [23, 24].
Families also need to receive lactation education to support breastfeeding mothers positively. 69.5% of respondents received lactation education from midwives. The right providers of lactation education are those who know the concept of lactation properly and correctly so they can provide good knowledge for mothers. More than 55.4% of respondents received lactation education after giving birth. The level of severe anxiety experienced by all respondents who had never received lactation education was 9.9%. This finding is supported by other research results that providing education since pregnancy will increase the mother's motivation and attitude toward breastfeeding [25]. Lactation education needs to be given since pregnancy [26-28] so the mother is more prepared to provide breast milk to her baby immediately after birth.
A nursing mother needs physical and psychological preparation in giving breast milk since pregnancy. Nursing mothers must monitor the condition of their breasts since pregnancy and need to know when breast care should begin and how to do it. Breastfeeding mothers need to know how breast milk is produced, when breast milk production is high and low, and how to increase breast milk production so that they don't decide to give formula milk too quickly because they think that breast milk production is small [29-31].
Respondents who use social media as an educational medium are still very few, namely 7%. Mothers and families with limited time to visit lactation clinics can freely use social media as an educational medium [32, 33]. Video-based lactation education media can make it easier to understand the information conveyed [34-35].
Lactation consultation facilities provided online can also make consultations more effective and efficient. Mothers and families can get information and lactation counseling without leaving the house. Thus, lactation education and counseling can take place comfortably and flexibly. These findings are expected to become a recommendation for stakeholders to implement lactation psychoeducation for breastfeeding mothers by involving their families to support breastfeeding success. Family involvement in breastfeeding is the biggest support for a breastfeeding mother.
Conclusion
Lactation psychoeducation using a video-based comprehensive model affects mothers' anxiety level in breastfeeding.
Acknowledgments: Thank you to Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology.
Ethical Permissions: This research has received a certificate of ethical merit from the Health Research Ethics Committee (KEPK) of Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya (Certificate number: 0254/EC/KEPK/UNUSA/2023).
Conflict of Interests: There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Author's Contribution: Dewi UM (First Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer (60%); Windarti Y (Second author), Introduction Writer/Main Researcher (20%); Hayani (Third author), Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (20%)
Funding/Support: This research received funding from Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology
The achievement of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia has decreased in the last three years. This achievement reached 68.7% in 2018, decreased to 65.8% in 2019, and became 52.5% in 2021. This achievement has slightly increased to 67.96% in 2022. Achievements in exclusive breastfeeding in Java East reached 50.95% lower than in Central Java and West Java.
Culture and myths in breastfeeding related to colostrum are considered spoiled milk, use of formula milk is considered better and supports social status, and covert promotion of breastfeeding products through online media is alleged to be an inhibiting factor in breastfeeding [1]. Colostrum will turn into mature milk on day 14. Delaying breastfeeding until waiting for mature milk can cause delays in milk production and a lack of bonding between mother and baby. Little milk production due to delaying breastfeeding can cause anxiety for breastfeeding mothers, so they decide to give formula milk as a complement to breast milk. Efforts that have been made to increase exclusive breastfeeding include breastfeeding outreach, IYCF ToT training, and the development of IYCF tele-counseling websites. Community behavior regarding culture and myths about breastfeeding needs to be changed through a psychological approach to providing education or psychoeducation. Psychoeducation integrates and synergizes psychotherapy and educational interventions to strengthen coping strategies or a special way of dealing with mental changes [2-4].
The myth of breastfeeding is a legacy passed down from generation to generation, so in overcoming this problem, it is necessary to involve the family, both parents and husband. Support from husbands and families in implementing lactation psychoeducation can increase mothers' compliance and confidence in breastfeeding [5]. In line with the increasingly rapid development of information technology, psychoeducation can be implemented digitally without having to meet face-to-face with resource persons. Several studies have proven that providing digital education on breastfeeding can significantly increase the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers [6].
Providing psychoeducation needs to be carried out in stages over several sessions, requiring an agreed time to meet with a therapist. Sometimes the implementation of psychoeducation is hampered due to obstacles in arranging time for the implementation of psychoeducation. The flexibility of methods and media in the implementation of psychoeducation is needed so that it can provide the expected results. Comprehensive psychoeducation also greatly supports the successful implementation of psychoeducation [7, 8]. Implementation of a comprehensive psychoeducation model combines providing information, skills training, and support. Breastfeeding mothers and their families need comprehensive psychoeducation regarding breastfeeding. It is hoped that all stages in implementing psychoeducation for breastfeeding mothers and their families can be provided coherently. Flexibility in implementing psychoeducation can be supported using various psychoeducation media choices, including posters, booklets, leaflets, and videos [2, 9-11]. Implementing digital-based lactation psychoeducation that is easily accessible can increase interest in implementing psychoeducation [12, 13].
This study aimed to analyze the effect of lactation psychoeducation using a comprehensive video-based model on maternal anxiety levels in breastfeeding.
Materials and Methods
This quasi-experimental research was conducted with a pre- and post-test one-group design from June to August 2023 in all postpartum mothers in the working area of the Surabaya City health center. The cluster random sampling method was used to divide the work areas of Surabaya City Health Centers, namely Central Surabaya, West Surabaya, East Surabaya, North Surabaya, and South Surabaya. The selection of Community Health Centers in each work area was carried out randomly, and 213 respondents were selected.
The comprehensive model of lactation psychoeducation is implemented through three stages; (1) initial assessment stage using an anxiety and behavior questionnaire in breastfeeding, which aims to determine the respondent's level of anxiety and behavior in breastfeeding; (2) providing video-based material about myths and facts about breastfeeding by involving breastfeeding mothers and their families; (3) final assessment which aims to measure changes in postpartum anxiety levels and behavior in breastfeeding (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Stages of implementing psychoeducation
Before and after being given psychoeducation, anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) which consists of 20 items using 4 Likert scales (1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, 4=almost always) with a total score 20-80 with division into categories of mild anxiety (Score 20-40), moderate anxiety (Score 41-60), severe anxiety (Score 61-80) [11-18].
The recap results of filling out the questionnaire were analyzed using a paired T-test to determine whether or not there was an effect before and after treatment.
Findings
Most of the respondents 71.4% were aged 20-30 years, 93% of respondents had secondary education, 70.9% of respondents were multigravida, 29.6% of respondents were postpartum mothers 6 hours postpartum, 55.4% were normal birth types, 53.1 % of babies are female, 70.4% of respondents were housewives, 55.4% of respondents had received lactation IEC after giving birth, 69.5% of IEC providers were midwives, 62.4% of families who supported breastfeeding were husbands (Table 1).
Table 1. Mean and frequency (the numbers in parentheses are percentages) of the characteristics of the respondents
Before being given lactation psychoeducation, 18.3% experienced severe anxiety, which then decreased to 0.9% after being given lactation psychoeducation. Moderate anxiety level before being given psychoeducation was 35.7 to 20.7%. The level of mild anxiety before being given psychoeducation was 18.3% to 0.9% after being given psychoeducation (p<0.0001).
Discussion
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lactation psychoeducation using a comprehensive video-based model on anxiety levels in breastfeeding mothers.
Anxiety levels decreased significantly after being given lactation psychoeducation. Severe anxiety decreased to 0.9% after being given lactation psychoeducation. The age category of respondents who experienced the most anxiety was 20-30 years old, namely 71.4%. The severe anxiety category is experienced most by mothers aged 20-30 years, namely 13.1%. Research in China [19] found that severe anxiety often occurs in younger breastfeeding mothers. Sun et al. This age is included in the category of young adulthood based on the stages of social-psychological development [20, 21].
In young adulthood, individuals begin to apply and use their knowledge and analytical skills [22]. Analytical capabilities can make it easier for respondents to absorb the information presented through lactation psychoeducation videos. 62.4% of families involved in providing lactation education are husbands. Mild anxiety was often experienced by respondents whose husbands were involved in providing lactation education, namely 62.2%. The role of the family in providing lactation education supports the success of lactation because the family is the closest person, so most of the mother's interactions are with her family [23, 24].
Families also need to receive lactation education to support breastfeeding mothers positively. 69.5% of respondents received lactation education from midwives. The right providers of lactation education are those who know the concept of lactation properly and correctly so they can provide good knowledge for mothers. More than 55.4% of respondents received lactation education after giving birth. The level of severe anxiety experienced by all respondents who had never received lactation education was 9.9%. This finding is supported by other research results that providing education since pregnancy will increase the mother's motivation and attitude toward breastfeeding [25]. Lactation education needs to be given since pregnancy [26-28] so the mother is more prepared to provide breast milk to her baby immediately after birth.
A nursing mother needs physical and psychological preparation in giving breast milk since pregnancy. Nursing mothers must monitor the condition of their breasts since pregnancy and need to know when breast care should begin and how to do it. Breastfeeding mothers need to know how breast milk is produced, when breast milk production is high and low, and how to increase breast milk production so that they don't decide to give formula milk too quickly because they think that breast milk production is small [29-31].
Respondents who use social media as an educational medium are still very few, namely 7%. Mothers and families with limited time to visit lactation clinics can freely use social media as an educational medium [32, 33]. Video-based lactation education media can make it easier to understand the information conveyed [34-35].
Lactation consultation facilities provided online can also make consultations more effective and efficient. Mothers and families can get information and lactation counseling without leaving the house. Thus, lactation education and counseling can take place comfortably and flexibly. These findings are expected to become a recommendation for stakeholders to implement lactation psychoeducation for breastfeeding mothers by involving their families to support breastfeeding success. Family involvement in breastfeeding is the biggest support for a breastfeeding mother.
Conclusion
Lactation psychoeducation using a video-based comprehensive model affects mothers' anxiety level in breastfeeding.
Acknowledgments: Thank you to Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology.
Ethical Permissions: This research has received a certificate of ethical merit from the Health Research Ethics Committee (KEPK) of Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya (Certificate number: 0254/EC/KEPK/UNUSA/2023).
Conflict of Interests: There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Author's Contribution: Dewi UM (First Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer (60%); Windarti Y (Second author), Introduction Writer/Main Researcher (20%); Hayani (Third author), Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (20%)
Funding/Support: This research received funding from Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Technology of Health Education
Received: 2023/08/2 | Accepted: 2023/09/20 | Published: 2023/10/18
Received: 2023/08/2 | Accepted: 2023/09/20 | Published: 2023/10/18
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