Volume 10, Issue 3 (2022)
Health Educ Health Promot 2022, 10(3): 483-487 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Kadhum Zeidan M, Hassoon S, Shatha Ahmed M. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Risk Factors among Women in Baghdad: A Case-Control study. Health Educ Health Promot 2022; 10 (3) :483-487
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-62991-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-62991-en.html
1- Community Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technologies, Middle Technology University, Baghdad, Iraq
2- Medical Technical Institute, Al-Mansor University of Middle Technology
2- Medical Technical Institute, Al-Mansor University of Middle Technology
Abstract: (1323 Views)
Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for polycystic ovarian syndrome among Baghdad women.
Material & Methods: The current case-control study was performed on 100 PCOS women and 100 controls without PCOS in Baghdad hospitals from 1 Sep 2019 to 15 Dec 2019. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, menstrual history, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, family history of PCOS, diet, drug use, and clinical symptoms of PCOS. Among other methods, the data were analyzed using SPSS 22, the Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis.
Findings: Some of the significant factors of PCOS included age (P=0.02), occupational status (p=0.004), educational level (p=0.003), BMI (p=0.003), waist circumference (p=0.004), family history of PCOS (p=0.000), diet (p=0.001), regular menstrual cycle (p=0.00) and Clomid use (p=0.00). other risk factors were regular physical exercise (p=0.16) and having children (p=0.55) which were not significant.
Conclusion: Target the risk factors of age, educational level, occupational status, BMI, waist circumference, family history, diet, regular menstrual cycle, and Clomid used, we should perform early screening, the diagnosis and treatment of POCS and identify its risk factors for decreasing PCOS incidence and improve its prognosis.
Material & Methods: The current case-control study was performed on 100 PCOS women and 100 controls without PCOS in Baghdad hospitals from 1 Sep 2019 to 15 Dec 2019. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, menstrual history, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, family history of PCOS, diet, drug use, and clinical symptoms of PCOS. Among other methods, the data were analyzed using SPSS 22, the Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis.
Findings: Some of the significant factors of PCOS included age (P=0.02), occupational status (p=0.004), educational level (p=0.003), BMI (p=0.003), waist circumference (p=0.004), family history of PCOS (p=0.000), diet (p=0.001), regular menstrual cycle (p=0.00) and Clomid use (p=0.00). other risk factors were regular physical exercise (p=0.16) and having children (p=0.55) which were not significant.
Conclusion: Target the risk factors of age, educational level, occupational status, BMI, waist circumference, family history, diet, regular menstrual cycle, and Clomid used, we should perform early screening, the diagnosis and treatment of POCS and identify its risk factors for decreasing PCOS incidence and improve its prognosis.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Sexual Health Education/Promotion
Received: 2022/05/17 | Accepted: 2022/07/24 | Published: 2022/08/10
Received: 2022/05/17 | Accepted: 2022/07/24 | Published: 2022/08/10
References
1. Zhang J, Xu JH, Qu QQ, Zhong GQ. Risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in polycystic ovarian syndrome women: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:552421. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2020.552421]
2. Wang YY, Hao SL, Hou LH, Wu XK. Research progress on cardiovascular risk factors for polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Medl Res. 2013;42(7):11-3. [Link]
3. Hart R, Hickey M, Franks S. Definitions, prevalence and symptoms of polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pract ResClin Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;18(5):671-83. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.05.001]
4. Farquhar C, Brown J, Marjoribanks J. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2012(6). [Link] [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001122.pub4]
5. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):28-38. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.024]
6. Azziz R, Sanchez LA, Knochenhauer ES, Moran C, Lazenby J, Stephens KC, et al. Androgen excess in women: Experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(2):453-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1210/jc.2003-031122]
7. Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med. 2010;8:41. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1741-7015-8-41]
8. González F. Inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome: Underpinning of insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction. Steroids. 2012;77(4):300-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.003]
9. Sarahian N, Sarvazad H, Sajadi E, Rahnejat N, Eskandari Roozbahani N. Investigation of common risk factors between polycystic ovary syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review. Reprod Health. 2021;18:156. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12978-021-01203-x]
10. De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Massaro MG, Morgante G, Petraglia FJ. Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: An update. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016;14:38. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12958-016-0173-x]
11. Isikoglu M, Berkkanoglu M, Cemal H, Ozgur K. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Kent, UK: Anshan, Ltd; 2007. pp. 157-63. [Link]
12. Alvarez-Blasco F, Botella-Carretero JI, San Millán JL, Escobar-Morreale HF. Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women. Arch Inter Med. 2006;166(19):2081-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.19.2081]
13. Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, Teede HJ. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(7). [Link] [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub2]
14. Gottschau M, Kjaer SK, Jensen A, Munk C, Mellemkjaer L. Risk of cancer among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A Danish cohort study. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;136(1):99-103. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.11.012]
15. Amato P, Simpson JL. The genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;18(5):707-718. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.05.002]
16. Wild RA, Rizzo M, Clifton S, Carmina E. Lipid levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(3):1073-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.027]
17. Riestenberg C, Jagasia A, Markovic D, Buyalos RP, Azziz R. Health care-related economic burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the United States: pregnancy-related and long-term health consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(2):575-85. [Link] [DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgab613]
18. Mortada R, Williams T. Metabolic Syndrome: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. FP Essent. 2015;435:30-42. [Link]
19. National Institutes of Health. Treatments to relieve symptoms of PCOS [Internet]. Rockville: National Institutes of Health; 2015 [Cited 2021 Jun 1]. Available from: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pcos/conditioninfo/treatments/relieve [Link]
20. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM‐Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long‐term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Human Reprod. 2004;19(1):41-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/humrep/deh098]
21. Jih J, Mukherjea A, Vittinghoff E, Nguyen TT, Tsoh JY, Fukuoka Y, et al. Using appropriate body mass index cut points for overweight and obesity among Asian Americans. Prevent Med. 2014;65:1-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.04.010]
22. Aversa A, La Vignera S, Rago R, Gambineri A, Nappi RE, Calogero AE, et al. Fundamental concepts and novel aspects of polycystic ovarian syndrome: expert consensus resolutions. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:516. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.00516]
23. Shinde KS, Patil SS. Incidence and risk factors of polycystic ovary syndrome among women in reproductive age group attending a tertiary health care hospital in Western Maharashtra. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2019;8(7):2804-10. [Link] [DOI:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193046]
24. Renatt C, Francis CI, Sajeeth Mini NM. Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment strategies of polycystic ovary syndrome at various hospitals, Palakkad: A prospective study. Int J Innov Res Med Sci. 2017;2:784-8. [Link]
25. Gupta M, Singh D, Toppo M, Priya A, Sethia S, Gupta P. A cross sectional study of polycystic ovarian syndrome among young women in Bhopal, Central India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5(1):95-100. [Link] [DOI:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175603]
26. Bronstein J, Tawdekar S, Liu Y, Pawelczak M, David R, Shah B. Age of onset of polycystic ovarian syndrome in girls may be earlier than previously thought. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2011;24(1):15-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jpag.2010.06.003]
27. Sidra S, Tariq MH, Farrukh MJ, Mohsin M. Evaluation of clinical manifestations, health risks, and quality of life among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. PloS One. 2019;14:e0223329. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0223329]
28. Begum GS, Shariff A, Ayman G, Mohammad B, Housam R, Khaled N. Assessment of risk factors for development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Diabetes. 2017;1(2). [Link]
29. Kahsar-Miller MD, Nixon C, Boots LR, Go RC, Azziz R. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS. Fertil Steril. 2001;75(1):53-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01662-9]
30. Kahsar-Miller M, Azziz R. The development of the polycystic ovary syndrome: Family history as a risk factor. Trend Endocrinol Metab. 1998;9(2):55-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00021-6]
31. Du JY, Xu ZY, Feng JY. The relationship study between environmental factors in Weihai region and polycystic ovary syndrome. Chin J Healthy Birth Child Care. 2012;18(5):269-72. [Link]
32. Nicandri KF, Hoeger K. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescents. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012;19(6):497-504. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/MED.0b013e32835a1a03]
33. Zain MM, Jamaluddin R, Ibrahim A, Norman RJ. Comparison of clomiphene citrate, metformin, or the combination of both for first-line ovulation induction, achievement of pregnancy, and live birth in Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(2):514-21. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.002]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |