Volume 9, Issue 4 (2021)
Health Educ Health Promot 2021, 9(4): 365-379 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Molaei A, Gholami Fesharaki M. Relationship between Shift Work and BMI; a Meta-Analysis Study. Health Educ Health Promot 2021; 9 (4) :365-379
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-50834-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-50834-en.html
1- Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2- Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran ,Mohammad.gholami@modares.ac.ir
2- Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran ,
Keywords: BMI [MeSH], Obesity [MeSH], Overweight [MeSH], Shift Work Schedule [MeSH], Meta-Analysis [MeSH]
Full-Text [PDF 628 kb]
(1563 Downloads)
| Abstract (HTML) (3270 Views)
Table 1) Characteristics of the included published style shift articles in the field of BMI
Continue of Table 1) Characteristics of the included published style shift articles in the field of BMI
Continue of Table 1) Characteristics of the included published style shift articles in the field of BMI
Figure 1) The process of article searching based on PRISMA guidelines
Full-Text: (658 Views)
Introduction
Schedules for shift work are becoming more common amongst different occupations due to the high demand for versatile workers and industrial productivity. Globally, about 20% of the total population [1] is involved in a shift work system. In contrast to daytime work, shift and night work involve a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders due to the desynchronization of circadian rhythms that can consequently result in obesity [2-5]. Obesity is an increasingly common disorder regarded as a health concern by many individuals in diverse professions [6, 7]. In addition, excess body fat is a risk factor for respiratory, metabolic, and psychological conditions, which impact the efficiency of jobs. Compared to non-obese workers, obese workers are more vulnerable to infections, absenteeism, and early retirement [8]. Nowadays, several systematic reviews or meta-analysis studies [9-18] have investigated the relationship between working shifts and obesity.
But these studies leave out a majority of articles because of different presentations of effect size in the respective published articles. For example, the meta-analyses that have reported qualitative effect size index like Odds Ratio (OR) do not use studies with a quantitative index like Standard Mean Difference (SMD), and vice versa. This problem can lead to publication bias and violation of the meta-analysis results. In this research, regression methods were used to estimate the mean and standard deviation of Body Mass Index (BMI) in the papers that have reported their results qualitatively. Eventually, the pooled meta-analysis results for SMD were reported. According to the importance of this subject, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the associations between work shifts and BMI.
Information and Methods
This meta-analysis started in September 2020 using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, SID (Scientific Information Database), Barakat, IranDoc, and Civilica databases, and it was completed in October 2020. This research included published studies that met all of the following criteria: (1) cross-sectional or cohort studies (only the baseline was used) with the full text of the papers available in the Persian or English language, (2) studies reporting the prevalence of BMI>25kg/m2 or BMI>30kg/m2 or the mean of BMI according to the shift work schedule. Conversely, the following studies were excluded: (1) non-English or non-Persian full-text reports, (2) letters to the editor, expert opinions, editorials, commentaries, case reports, case series, and reviews, and (3) studies reporting overlapping data.
To search and include related studies as much as possible, the following terms used: "shift work" OR "Night" OR "Rotation" OR "Evening" AND "Shift" AND Obesity OR "Overweight" OR "BMI", as keywords for titles and/or abstracts in MeSH word search database with such combination.
All of the studies had been performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and this article is based on the management plans approved by the educational meeting of Tarbiat Modares University. All published papers categorized as potentially relevant were reviewed separately by both authors. Moreover, the relevance of each report evaluated and summarized the following data using Excel 2010 datasheets: First author's name, year of publication, year of study, mean and standard deviation of BMI, the number of participants that were BMI ≥30kg/m2/BMI≥ 25kg/m2, and the study sample size separated by shift work schedule. This research was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) [19], and the paper quality assessment was evaluated by "The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS)" [20]. Furthermore, the extracted data were stratified by the type of work (worker, medical staff, military, employee, driver, and other). A total of 580 studies were potentially associated with the relationship between BMI and shift works. The abstracts and titles have been reviewed, and based on the specified inclusion and exclusion requirements, 99 studies were excluded. A total of 217 records of eligible published studies until 2020 [21-237] were considered after full-text scanning and quality evaluation (Table 1). The selection process of the study is represented in Figure 1.
The statistical analysis of this study was done in two stages. In stage 1, the mean and the SD of the articles that reported the prevalence of BMI>25 kg/m2 and BMI>30 kg/m2 (not reported mean and SD) were estimated by regression analysis (R2=70%). In stage 2, the pooled Standard Mean Difference (SMD) of each kind of shift work, in comparison with day work, were calculated using the random effect model. The statistical tests of heterogeneity among the studies were carried out using the Q test (p<0.01 indicates statistically significant heterogeneity) and I-squared statistics. Publication bias was assessed graphically and statistically by funnel plot and based on visual inspection of the funnel plot, Begg's Test, and Egger's test. In this study, the SMD was reported based on different types of work (worker, medical staff, military, employee, driver, and others). The "metaphor" package in R 3.6 software was used for data analysis.
Schedules for shift work are becoming more common amongst different occupations due to the high demand for versatile workers and industrial productivity. Globally, about 20% of the total population [1] is involved in a shift work system. In contrast to daytime work, shift and night work involve a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders due to the desynchronization of circadian rhythms that can consequently result in obesity [2-5]. Obesity is an increasingly common disorder regarded as a health concern by many individuals in diverse professions [6, 7]. In addition, excess body fat is a risk factor for respiratory, metabolic, and psychological conditions, which impact the efficiency of jobs. Compared to non-obese workers, obese workers are more vulnerable to infections, absenteeism, and early retirement [8]. Nowadays, several systematic reviews or meta-analysis studies [9-18] have investigated the relationship between working shifts and obesity.
But these studies leave out a majority of articles because of different presentations of effect size in the respective published articles. For example, the meta-analyses that have reported qualitative effect size index like Odds Ratio (OR) do not use studies with a quantitative index like Standard Mean Difference (SMD), and vice versa. This problem can lead to publication bias and violation of the meta-analysis results. In this research, regression methods were used to estimate the mean and standard deviation of Body Mass Index (BMI) in the papers that have reported their results qualitatively. Eventually, the pooled meta-analysis results for SMD were reported. According to the importance of this subject, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the associations between work shifts and BMI.
Information and Methods
This meta-analysis started in September 2020 using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, SID (Scientific Information Database), Barakat, IranDoc, and Civilica databases, and it was completed in October 2020. This research included published studies that met all of the following criteria: (1) cross-sectional or cohort studies (only the baseline was used) with the full text of the papers available in the Persian or English language, (2) studies reporting the prevalence of BMI>25kg/m2 or BMI>30kg/m2 or the mean of BMI according to the shift work schedule. Conversely, the following studies were excluded: (1) non-English or non-Persian full-text reports, (2) letters to the editor, expert opinions, editorials, commentaries, case reports, case series, and reviews, and (3) studies reporting overlapping data.
To search and include related studies as much as possible, the following terms used: "shift work" OR "Night" OR "Rotation" OR "Evening" AND "Shift" AND Obesity OR "Overweight" OR "BMI", as keywords for titles and/or abstracts in MeSH word search database with such combination.
All of the studies had been performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and this article is based on the management plans approved by the educational meeting of Tarbiat Modares University. All published papers categorized as potentially relevant were reviewed separately by both authors. Moreover, the relevance of each report evaluated and summarized the following data using Excel 2010 datasheets: First author's name, year of publication, year of study, mean and standard deviation of BMI, the number of participants that were BMI ≥30kg/m2/BMI≥ 25kg/m2, and the study sample size separated by shift work schedule. This research was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) [19], and the paper quality assessment was evaluated by "The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS)" [20]. Furthermore, the extracted data were stratified by the type of work (worker, medical staff, military, employee, driver, and other). A total of 580 studies were potentially associated with the relationship between BMI and shift works. The abstracts and titles have been reviewed, and based on the specified inclusion and exclusion requirements, 99 studies were excluded. A total of 217 records of eligible published studies until 2020 [21-237] were considered after full-text scanning and quality evaluation (Table 1). The selection process of the study is represented in Figure 1.
The statistical analysis of this study was done in two stages. In stage 1, the mean and the SD of the articles that reported the prevalence of BMI>25 kg/m2 and BMI>30 kg/m2 (not reported mean and SD) were estimated by regression analysis (R2=70%). In stage 2, the pooled Standard Mean Difference (SMD) of each kind of shift work, in comparison with day work, were calculated using the random effect model. The statistical tests of heterogeneity among the studies were carried out using the Q test (p<0.01 indicates statistically significant heterogeneity) and I-squared statistics. Publication bias was assessed graphically and statistically by funnel plot and based on visual inspection of the funnel plot, Begg's Test, and Egger's test. In this study, the SMD was reported based on different types of work (worker, medical staff, military, employee, driver, and others). The "metaphor" package in R 3.6 software was used for data analysis.
Table 1) Characteristics of the included published style shift articles in the field of BMI
Continue of Table 1) Characteristics of the included published style shift articles in the field of BMI
Continue of Table 1) Characteristics of the included published style shift articles in the field of BMI
Figure 1) The process of article searching based on PRISMA guidelines
Findings
The total number of studies used for investigating the effects of shift works in BMI were 217.
In comparison with day work, the pooled BMI's SMD of different types of shift work (evening, night, rotation, and overall shifts) was reported in
Table 2.
The pooled SMD and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for shift work, rather than day work, was 0.082 (ranging from 0.047 to 0.116). Moreover, the results showed that the mean BMI of every style of shifts (rotation shift, SMD (95% CI): 0.099 (0.058, 0.141), night shift, SMD (95% CI): 0.079 (0.047, 0.11)), except for evening shift (SMD (95% CI): 0.041
(-0.061 to 0.142)), were higher than day work.
Additionally, the results also indicated that the highest SMD was in military staff and drivers. In Table 3, the publication bias test according to the shift group was reported. Publication bias did not exist in this meta-analysis considering (p>0.05).
The total number of studies used for investigating the effects of shift works in BMI were 217.
In comparison with day work, the pooled BMI's SMD of different types of shift work (evening, night, rotation, and overall shifts) was reported in
Table 2.
The pooled SMD and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for shift work, rather than day work, was 0.082 (ranging from 0.047 to 0.116). Moreover, the results showed that the mean BMI of every style of shifts (rotation shift, SMD (95% CI): 0.099 (0.058, 0.141), night shift, SMD (95% CI): 0.079 (0.047, 0.11)), except for evening shift (SMD (95% CI): 0.041
(-0.061 to 0.142)), were higher than day work.
Additionally, the results also indicated that the highest SMD was in military staff and drivers. In Table 3, the publication bias test according to the shift group was reported. Publication bias did not exist in this meta-analysis considering (p>0.05).
Table 2) The pooled standard difference of BMI according to the types of shift and work
Table 3) The publication Bias test according to the shift group
Discussion
Nowadays, due to the increasing demand for products and services, shift works are considered inevitable in the industry, health, and services. In this regard, recognizing the adverse effects of shift works on health can allow researchers to control this emerging phenomenon. One of the possible adverse effects of shift works is weight gain and obesity. Since different studies have reported contradictory statements on the relationship between shift work and weight, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between shift work and BMI as an indicator of general obesity [15].
This study showed that military staff and drivers have the highest risk of obesity in shift workers compared to day workers. The highest difference in terms of SMD index among the three types of shifts studied was observed among workers with changing shift patterns, and the lowest was reported for evening shift workers. Therefore, the risk of obesity among workers with changing shift patterns was higher than the evening and night shift workers.
Generally, the results of this study indicated that shift work increases the average obesity of shift workers compared to day workers. These results are consistent with those of the Liu et al. [16] study and Sun et al. [18] study and inconsistent with those of the Chang & Jen [9] study. In detail, Liu et al. showed a 12% increase in the risk of obesity in the night shift compared to day workers. Moreover, Sun et al. showed that night shifts increase obesity by 23% compared to other shifts.
There are several ways to justify the observations between shift work and BMI. One could be based on more food consumption and more stress, and less activity and mobility in shift workers than day workers. Another justification could be based on the changes in the sleep cycles of shift workers. Indeed, circadian desynchronization, as it occurs in shift workers, is associated with cardio-metabolic alterations [238] and an increased risk of metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular diseases [107, 183, 239, 240]. Based on the link between circadian desynchrony and obesity and metabolic disorders, obesity could be regarded as a 'chronobiological disease' [240, 241].
The main limitation of the present study was not using the Multivariate Meta method for better results. Also, there are some positive points in this analysis that should be considered. The obtained studies were used as much as possible, and no study was omitted in this process, and the studies that lacked enough information, their information were estimated using regression methods. Another advantage of this study was the examination of obesity in different occupational groups.
Conclusion
According to the result of this study, to minimize the harm, companies should provide shift workers with some advice on an appropriate and healthy diet and lifestyle. Companies that provide meals for their employees should consider a different meal plan for shift workers.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Tarbiat Modares University.
Ethical Permissions: It was approved by Tarbiat Modares University with IR.MODARES.REC.1399.016 ethics code on May 16, 2020.
Conflicts of Interests: -
Authors’ Contribution: Molaei A. (First Author), Introduction Writer/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (50%); Gholami Fesharaki (Second Author), Methodologist/Main Researcher/Discussion Writer (50%).
Funding/Support: This project funded by Tarbiat Modares University.
Table 3) The publication Bias test according to the shift group
Discussion
Nowadays, due to the increasing demand for products and services, shift works are considered inevitable in the industry, health, and services. In this regard, recognizing the adverse effects of shift works on health can allow researchers to control this emerging phenomenon. One of the possible adverse effects of shift works is weight gain and obesity. Since different studies have reported contradictory statements on the relationship between shift work and weight, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between shift work and BMI as an indicator of general obesity [15].
This study showed that military staff and drivers have the highest risk of obesity in shift workers compared to day workers. The highest difference in terms of SMD index among the three types of shifts studied was observed among workers with changing shift patterns, and the lowest was reported for evening shift workers. Therefore, the risk of obesity among workers with changing shift patterns was higher than the evening and night shift workers.
Generally, the results of this study indicated that shift work increases the average obesity of shift workers compared to day workers. These results are consistent with those of the Liu et al. [16] study and Sun et al. [18] study and inconsistent with those of the Chang & Jen [9] study. In detail, Liu et al. showed a 12% increase in the risk of obesity in the night shift compared to day workers. Moreover, Sun et al. showed that night shifts increase obesity by 23% compared to other shifts.
There are several ways to justify the observations between shift work and BMI. One could be based on more food consumption and more stress, and less activity and mobility in shift workers than day workers. Another justification could be based on the changes in the sleep cycles of shift workers. Indeed, circadian desynchronization, as it occurs in shift workers, is associated with cardio-metabolic alterations [238] and an increased risk of metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular diseases [107, 183, 239, 240]. Based on the link between circadian desynchrony and obesity and metabolic disorders, obesity could be regarded as a 'chronobiological disease' [240, 241].
The main limitation of the present study was not using the Multivariate Meta method for better results. Also, there are some positive points in this analysis that should be considered. The obtained studies were used as much as possible, and no study was omitted in this process, and the studies that lacked enough information, their information were estimated using regression methods. Another advantage of this study was the examination of obesity in different occupational groups.
Conclusion
According to the result of this study, to minimize the harm, companies should provide shift workers with some advice on an appropriate and healthy diet and lifestyle. Companies that provide meals for their employees should consider a different meal plan for shift workers.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Tarbiat Modares University.
Ethical Permissions: It was approved by Tarbiat Modares University with IR.MODARES.REC.1399.016 ethics code on May 16, 2020.
Conflicts of Interests: -
Authors’ Contribution: Molaei A. (First Author), Introduction Writer/Assistant Researcher/Statistical Analyst (50%); Gholami Fesharaki (Second Author), Methodologist/Main Researcher/Discussion Writer (50%).
Funding/Support: This project funded by Tarbiat Modares University.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Quality of Life
Received: 2021/03/10 | Accepted: 2021/05/24 | Published: 2021/11/7
Received: 2021/03/10 | Accepted: 2021/05/24 | Published: 2021/11/7
References
1. Guo Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Rong Y, He M, Wang Y, et al. The effects of shift work on sleeping quality, hypertension and diabetes in retired workers. Plos One. 2013;8(8):71107. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0071107] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Rosa D, Terzoni S, Dellafiore F, Destrebecq A. Systematic review of shift work and nurses' health. Occup Med. 2019;69(4):237-43. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqz063] [PMID]
3. Szosland D. Shift work and metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2010;23(3):287-91. [Link] [DOI:10.2478/v10001-010-0032-5] [PMID]
4. Brum MCB, Filho FFD, Schnorr CC, Bottega CB, Rodrigues TC. Shift work and its association with metabolic disorders. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2015;7:45. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13098-015-0041-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Wang XS, Armestrong MEG, Cairns BJ, Key TJ, Travis RC. Shift work and chronic disease: The epidemiological evidence. Occup Med. 2011;61(2):78-89. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqr001] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew MD, Charles LE, Hartley TA, Burchfiel CM, et al. Adiposity in policing: Mental health consequences. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2011;13(4):257-66. [Link]
7. Alasagheirin MH, Clark MK, Ramey SL, Grueskin EF. Body mass index misclassification of obesity among community police officers. AAOHN J. 2011;59(11):469-75.
https://doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20111017-01 [Link] [DOI:10.1177/216507991105901102] [PMID]
8. Harvey SB, Glozier N, Carlton O, Mykletun A, Henderson M, Hotopf M, et al., Obesity and sickness absence: Results from the CHAP study. Occup Med. 2010;60(5):362-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqq031] [PMID]
9. Chang WP, Jen HJ. BMI differences between different genders working fixed day shifts and rotating shifts: A literature review and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int. 2020;37(12):1754-65. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420528.2020.1800027] [PMID]
10. Amani R, Gill T. Shiftworking, nutrition and obesity: Implications for workforce health-a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2013;22(4):505-15. [Link]
11. Antunes LC, Levandovski R, Dantas G, Caumo W, Hidalgo MP. Obesity and shift work: Chronobiological aspects. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(1):155-68. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S0954422410000016] [PMID]
12. Buss J. Associations between obesity and stress and shift work among nurses. Workplace HealthSaf. 2012;60(10):453-8.
https://doi.org/10.1177/216507991206001007 [Link] [DOI:10.3928/21650799-20120926-66] [PMID]
13. Zhang Q, Chair SY, Shan Lo SH, Chau JPC, Schwade M, Zhao X. Association between shift work and obesity among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;112:103757. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103757] [PMID]
14. Shrestha N, Pedisic Z, Neil-Sztramko S, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Hermans V. The impact of obesity in the workplace: A review of contributing factors, consequences and potential solutions. Curr Obes Rep. 2016;5(3):344-60. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13679-016-0227-6] [PMID]
15. Saulle R, Bernardi M, Chiarini M, Backhaus I, La Torre G. Shift work, overweight and obesity in health professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ter. 2018;169(4):189-97. [Link]
16. Liu Q, Shi J, Duan P, Liu B, Li T, Wang C, et al. Is shift work associated with a higher risk of overweight or obesity? a systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1956-71. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/ije/dyy079] [PMID]
17. Wang X, Ji A, Zhu Y, Liang Z, Wu J, Li S, et al. A meta-analysis including dose-response relationship between night shift work and the risk of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(28):25046-60. [Link] [DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.4502] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Sun M, Feng W, Wang F, Li P, Li Z, Li M, et al. Meta‐analysis on shift work and risks of specific obesity types. Obes Rev. 2018;19(1):28-40. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/obr.12621] [PMID]
19. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z] [PMID]
21. El-Kashif MML, Mageda ASA. Shift work pattern and menstrual characteristics among nurses in Egypt. Biomed Nurs. 2016;2(4):104-15. [Link]
22. Kivimäki M, Kuisma P, Virtanen M, Elovainio M. Does shift work lead to poorer health habits? A comparison between women who had always done shift work with those who had never done shift work. Work Stress 2001;15(1):3-13. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/02678370118685]
23. Ishii N, Dakeishi M, Sasaki M, Iwata T, Murata K. Cardiac autonomic imbalance in female nurses with shift work. Auton Neurosci. 2005;122(1-2):94-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2005.08.010] [PMID]
24. Viswanathan AN, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES. Night shift work and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67(21):10618-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2485] [PMID]
25. Copertaro A, Bracci M, Barbaresi M, Santarelli L. Assessment of cardiovascular risk in shift healthcare workers. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(2):224-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f364c0] [PMID]
26. Nabe-Nielsen K, Garde AH, Tüchsen F, Hogh A, Diderichsen F. Cardiovascular risk factors and primary selection into shift work. Scandinavian journal of work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008;34(3):206-12. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.1230] [PMID]
27. Samara D, Merijanti LT, Tandean R, Harrianto R. The association between shift work and body mass index among female nurses. Univers Med. 2008;27(2):72-7. [Link]
28. Brown DL, Feskanich D, Sánchez BN, Rexrode KM, Schernhammer ES, Lisabeth LD. Rotating night shift work and the risk of ischemic stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(11):1370-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/aje/kwp056] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. Lawson CC, Whelan EA, Lividoti Hibert EN, Spiegelman D, Schernhammer ES, Rich-Edwards JW. Rotating shift work and menstrual cycle characteristics. Epidemiology. 2011;22(3):305-12. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182130016] [PMID] [PMCID]
30. Pan A, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Hu FB. Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: Two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med. 2011;8(12):e1001141. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001141] [PMID] [PMCID]
31. Sahu S, Dey M. Changes in food intake pattern of nurses working in rapidly rotating shift. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2011;4(1):14-22. [Link]
32. Zhao I, Bogossian F, Song S, Turner C. The association between shift work and unhealthy weight: A cross-sectional analysis from the nurses and midwives'e-cohort study. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(2):153-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0b013e318205e1e8] [PMID]
33. Davis S, Mirick DK, Chen C, Stanczyk FZ. Night shift work and hormone levels in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(4):609-18. [Link] [DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1128] [PMID]
34. Marquezea EC, Lemosa LC, Soaresa N, Lorenzi-Filhob G, Morenoa CRC. Weight gain in relation to night work among nurses. IOS Press. 2012;41:2043-8. [Link] [DOI:10.3233/WOR-2012-0429-2043] [PMID]
35. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Gromadzinska J, Sobala W, Reszka E, Lie JA, et al. Night shift work characteristics and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (MT6s) in rotating night shift nurses and midwives. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(5):339-46. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2011-100273] [PMID]
36. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Gromadzinska J, Sobala W, Reszka E, Gromadzinska J, et al. Rotating night shift work and mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(7):1028-37. [Link] [DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0005] [PMID]
37. Zhao I, Bogossian F, Turner C. A cross-sectional analysis of the association between night-only or rotating shift work and overweight/obesity among female nurses and midwives. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(7):834-40. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31824e1058] [PMID]
38. Zhao I, Bogossian F, Turner C. Does maintaining or changing shift types affect BMI? A longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(5):525-31. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31824e1073] [PMID]
39. Gromadzińska J, Peplonska B, Sobala W, Reszka E, Wasowicz W, Bukowska A, et al. Relationship between intensity of night shift work and antioxidant status in blood of nurses. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013;86(8):923-30. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-012-0828-7] [PMID] [PMCID]
40. Halawani RA. Does working the night shift increase the risk of obesity and overweight among nurses [dissertation]. Northridge: California State University; 2013. [Link]
41. Kim MJ, Son KH, Park HY, Choi DJ, Yoon CH, Lee HY, et al. Association between shift work and obesity among female nurses: Korean nurses' survey. Bmc Public Health. 2013;13(1):1204. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1204] [PMID] [PMCID]
42. Mirick DK, Bhatti P, Chen C, Nordt F, Stanczyk FZ, Davis S. Night shift work and levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and cortisol in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(6):1079-87. [Link] [DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1377] [PMID] [PMCID]
43. Naghashpour M, Amani R, Nematpour S, Haghighizadeh MH. Dietary, anthropometric, biochemical and psychiatric indices in shift work nurses. Food Nutr Sci. 2013;4(12):1239-46. [Link] [DOI:10.4236/fns.2013.412158]
44. Smith P, Fritschi L, Reid A, Mustard C. The relationship between shift work and body mass index among Canadian nurses. Appl Nurs Res. 2013;26(1):24-31. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.apnr.2012.10.001] [PMID]
45. Yoshizaki T, Kawano Y, Tada Y, Hida A, Midorikawa T, Hasegawa K, et al. Diurnal 24-hour rhythm in ambulatory heart rate variability during the day shift in rotating shift workers. J Biol Rhythms. 2013;28(3):227-36. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0748730413489957] [PMID]
46. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Sobala W. Rotating night shift work and physical activity of nurses and midwives in the cross-sectional study in Ł ódź, Poland. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(10):1152-9. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2014.957296] [PMID]
47. Poulsen K, Cleal B, Clausen T, Andersen LL. Work, diabetes and obesity: A seven year follow-up study among Danish health care workers. PloS One, 2014;9(7):e103425. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0103425] [PMID] [PMCID]
48. Tada Y, Kawano Y, Maeda I, Yoshizaki T, Sunami A, Yokoyama Y, et al. Association of body mass index with lifestyle and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(12):2489-93. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/oby.20908] [PMID]
49. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Sobala W. Association of rotating night shift work with BMI and abdominal obesity among nurses and midwives. PloS One. 2015;10(7):e0133761. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0133761] [PMID] [PMCID]
50. Vikanes Buchvold H, Pallesen S, Øyane NFM, Bjorvatn B. Associations between night work and BMI, alcohol, smoking, caffeine and exercise-a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1112. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-015-2470-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
51. Bukowska A, Sobala W, Peplonska B. Rotating night shift work, sleep quality, selected lifestyle factors and prolactin concentration in nurses and midwives. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(3):318-26. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2014.975353] [PMID]
52. Gu F, Han J, Laden F, Pan A, Caporaso ME, Stampfer MJ, et al. Total and cause-specific mortality of US nurses working rotating night shifts. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48(3):241-52. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.018] [PMID] [PMCID]
53. Nadir Y, Saharov G, Hoffman R, Keren-Politansky A, Tzoran I, Brenner B, et al. Heparanase procoagulant activity, factor Xa, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 are increased in shift work female nurses. Ann Hematol. 2015;94(7):1213-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00277-015-2345-8] [PMID]
54. Ramin C, Devore EE, Wang W, Pierre-Paul J, Wegrzyn LR, Schernhammer ES. Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(2):100-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2014-102292] [PMID] [PMCID]
55. Hansen AB, Stayner L, Hansen J, Andersen ZJ. Night shift work and incidence of diabetes in the Danish Nurse Cohort. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(4):262-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2015-103342] [PMID]
56. Lim AJR, Huang Z, Chua SE, Kramer MS, Yong EL. Sleep duration, exercise, shift work and polycystic ovarian syndrome-related outcomes in a healthy population: A cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2016;11(11):e0167048. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0167048] [PMID] [PMCID]
57. Chin DL, Nam S, Lee SJ. Occupational factors associated with obesity and leisure-time physical activity among nurses: A cross sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;57:60-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.009] [PMID] [PMCID]
58. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Anne Lie J, Gromadzinska J, Zienolddiny S. Night shift work and other determinants of estradiol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate among middle-aged nurses and midwives. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2016;42(5):435-46. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3581] [PMID]
59. Yoshizaki T, Kawano Y, Noguchi O, Onishi J, Teramoto R, Sunami A, et al. Association of eating behaviours with diurnal preference and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2016;6(11):e011987. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011987] [PMID] [PMCID]
60. Beebe D, Chang JJ, Kress K, Mattfeldt-Beman M. Diet quality and sleep quality among day and night shift nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2017;25(7):549-57. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/jonm.12492] [PMID]
61. Fujishiro K, Hibert EL, Schernhammer E, Rich-Edwards JW. Shift work, job strain and changes in the body mass index among women: a prospective study. Occup Environ Med. 2017;74(6):410-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2016-103747] [PMID]
62. Gadallah M, Hakim SA, Mohsen A, Eldin WS. Association of rotating night shift with lipid profile among nurses in an Egyptian tertiary university hospital. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23(4):295-302. [Link] [DOI:10.26719/2017.23.4.295] [PMID]
63. Therming Jørgensen J, Karlsen S, Stayner L, Hansen J, Jovanovic Andersen Z. Shift work and overall and cause-specific mortality in the Danish nurse cohort. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017;43(2):117-26. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3612] [PMID]
64. Molzof HE, Wirth MD, Burch JB, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Johnson RL. The impact of meal timing on cardiometabolic syndrome indicators in shift workers. Chronobiol Int. 2017;34(3):337-48. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420528.2016.1259242] [PMID] [PMCID]
65. Pavanello S, Stendardo M, Mastrangelo G, Bonci M, Bottazzi M, Campisi M, et al. Inflammatory long pentraxin 3 is associated with leukocyte telomere length in night-shift workers. Front Immunol. 2017;8:516. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00516] [PMID] [PMCID]
66. Seychell J, Reeves S. The effect of shift work on the diet of accident and emergency nurses at a general hospital in Malta. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society; 2016 Dec 8-9; Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S0029665115004693]
67. Buchvold HV, Pallesen S, Waage S, Bjorvatn B. Shift work schedule and night work load: Effects on body mass index-a four-year longitudinal study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(3):251-7. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3702] [PMID]
68. Fadeyi BA, Ayoka AO, Fawale MB, Alabi QA, Oluwadaisi AM, Omole JM. Prevalence, predictors and effects of shift work sleep disorder among nurses in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Sleep Sci Pract. 2018;2(6):1-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s41606-018-0027-x]
69. Leyva-Vela B, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Henarejos-Alarcón S, Martínez-Rodríguez A. Psychosocial and physiological risks of shift work in nurses: A cross-sectional study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2018;26(3):183-9. [Link] [DOI:10.21101/cejph.a4817] [PMID]
70. Shan, Z, Li Y, Zong G, Guo Y, Li Y, Manson JE, et al. Rotating night shift work and adherence to unhealthy lifestyle in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from two large US cohorts of female nurses. BMJ. 2018;363:k4641. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmj.k4641] [PMID] [PMCID]
71. Woynarowska Soldan M, Panczyk M, Iwanow L, Gałązkowski R, Wójcik-Fatla A, Panasiuk L, et al. Associations between overweight and obesity and health enhancing behaviours among female nurses in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018;25(4):714-9. [Link] [DOI:10.26444/aaem/99641] [PMID]
72. Yoshizaki T, Komatsu T, Tada Y, Hida A, Kawano Y, Togo F. Association of habitual dietary intake with morningness-eveningness and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses. Chronobiol Int. 2018;35(3):392-404. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420528.2017.1410169] [PMID]
73. Bracci M, Copertaro A, Ciarapica V, Barbaresi M, Esposito S, Albanesi A, et al. Nocturnin gene diurnal variation in healthy volunteers and expression levels in shift workers. BioMed Res Int. 2019 Aug 31. [Link] [DOI:10.1155/2019/7582734] [PMID] [PMCID]
74. Carugno M, Maggioni C, Crespi E, Bonzini M, Cuocina S, Dioni L, et al. Night shift work, DNA methylation and telomere length: An investigation on hospital female nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2292. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph16132292] [PMID] [PMCID]
75. Firouzbakht M, Esmaeil Riahi M, Hajian-Tilaki K, Ebadi A, Tirgar A, Nikpour M. Relationship of social capital with overweight and obesity among female health care workers. Caspian J Intern Med. 2019;10(3):281-8. [Link]
76. Van de Langenberg D, Vlaanderen JJ, Dolle MET, Handberg A, Vermeulen RCH, Van Kerkhof LWM. Plasma sCD36 as non-circadian marker of chronic circadian disturbance in shift workers. PloS One. 2019;14(10):e0223522. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0223522] [PMID] [PMCID]
77. Lim ZL, Danaee M, Zulkarnain J. The association between physical activity and work schedule among hospital nurses: A cross-sectional study. Malays J Mov Health Exercise. 2019;8(1):15-32. [Link]
78. Loef B, Van Baarle D, Van Der Beek AJ, Beekhof PK, Van Kerkhof LW, Proper KI. The association between exposure to different aspects of shift work and metabolic risk factors in health care workers, and the role of chronotype. PloS One, 2019;14(2):e0211557. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0211557] [PMID] [PMCID]
79. Peplonska B, Kaluzny P, Trafalska E. Rotating night shift work and nutrition of nurses and midwives. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36(7):945-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420528.2019.1602051] [PMID]
80. Razavi P, Devore EE, Bajaj A, Lockley SW, Figueiro MG, Ricchiuti V, et al. Shift work, chronotype, and melatonin rhythm in nurses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(7):1177-86. [Link] [DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-1018] [PMID] [PMCID]
81. Terada T, Mistura M, Tulloch H, Pipe A, Reed J. Dietary behaviour is associated with cardiometabolic and psychological risk indicators in female hospital nurses-A post-hoc, cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2054. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/nu11092054] [PMID] [PMCID]
82. Bracci M, Eléxpuru Zabaleta M, Fiorella Tartaglione M, Ledda C, Rapisarda V, Santarelli L. Exosomal miR-92a concentration in the serum of shift workers. Appl Sci. 2020;10(2):430. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/app10020430]
83. Johnson CY, Tanz LJ, Lawson CC, Schernhammer ES, Vetter C, et al. Night shift work and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in female nurses. Am J Ind Med. 2020;63(3):240-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/ajim.23079] [PMID] [PMCID]
84. Lauren, S., et al. Free-living sleep, food intake, and physical activity in night and morning shift workers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020;39(5):450-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07315724.2019.1691954] [PMID] [PMCID]
85. Ranawat R, Srivastava R. Prevalence of the risk of cardiovascular and gastric problems among male workers of textile industries in relation to shift work. J Appl Natur Sci. 2017;9(3):1329-37. [Link] [DOI:10.31018/jans.v9i3.1362]
86. Knutson A, Akerstedt T, Jonsson GB. Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease among day and shift workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988;14(5):317-21. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.1913] [PMID]
87. Knutson A, Andersson H, Berglund U. Serum lipoproteins in day and shift workers: A prospective study. Br J Ind Med. 1990;47(2):132-4. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oem.47.2.132] [PMID] [PMCID]
88. Romon M, Nuttens MC, Fievet C, Pot P, Bard JM, Furon D, et al. Increased triglyceride levels in shift workers. Am J Med. 1992;93(3):259-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90230-9]
89. Nakamura K, Shimai S, Kikuchi S, Tominaga K, Takahashi H, Tanaka M, et al. Shift work and risk factors for coronary heart disease in Japanese blue-collar workers: serum lipids and anthropometric characteristics. Occup Med (Lond). 1997;47(3):142-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/occmed/47.3.142] [PMID]
90. Ohira T, Tanigawa T, Iso H, Odagiri Y, Takamiya T, Shimomitsu T, et al. Effects of shift work on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and its variability among Japanese workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000;26(5):421-6. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.563] [PMID]
91. Sudo N, Ohtsuka R. Nutrient intake among female shift workers in a computer factory in Japan. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2001;52(4):367-78. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/09637480120057530] [PMID]
92. Nagaya T, Yoshida H, Takahashi H, Kawai M. Markers of insulin resistance in day and shift workers aged 30-59 years. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2002;75(8):562-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-002-0370-0] [PMID]
93. Altenburg De Assis MA, Kupek E, Vinícius Nahas M, Bellisle F. Food intake and circadian rhythms in shift workers with a high workload. Appetite. 2003;40(2):175-83. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0195-6663(02)00133-2]
94. Karlsson BH, Knutsson AK, Lindahl BO, Alfredsson LS. Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work. Results of the WOLF study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76(6):424-30. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-003-0440-y] [PMID]
95. Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Honda R, Kawakami N, et al. The influence of work characteristics on body mass index and waist to hip ratio in Japanese employees. Ind Health. 2004;42(1):41-9. [Link] [DOI:10.2486/indhealth.42.41] [PMID]
96. Fujino Y, Iso H, Tamakoshi A, Inaba Y, Koizumi A, Kubo T, et al. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(2):128-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/aje/kwj185] [PMID]
97. Ostry AS, Radi S, Louie AM, LaMontagne AD. Psychosocial and other working conditions in relation to body mass index in a representative sample of Australian workers. BMC Public health. 2006;6:53. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-6-53] [PMID] [PMCID]
98. Suwazono Y, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Harada H, Oishi M, Kobayashi E, et al. Long-term longitudinal study on the relationship between alternating shift work and the onset of diabetes mellitus in male Japanese workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2006;48(5):455-61. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/01.jom.0000214355.69182.fa] [PMID]
99. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K, Soyama Y, Ishizaki M, Kido T, et al. Effect of shift work on body mass index and metabolic parameters. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007;33(1):45-50. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.1063] [PMID]
100. Biggi N, Consonni D, Galluzzo V, Sogliani M, Costa G. Metabolic syndrome in permanent night workers. Chronobiol Int. 2008;25(2):443-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420520802114193] [PMID]
101. Dochi M, Sakata K, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Kobayashi K, Suwazono Y. Relationship between shift work and hypercholesterolemia in Japan. Scand J Work, Environ Health. 2008;34(1):33-9. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.1189] [PMID]
102. Morikawa Y, Miura K, Sasaki S, Yoshita K, Yoneyama S, Sakurai M, et al. Evaluation of the effects of shift work on nutrient intake: A cross-sectional study. J Occup Health. 2008;50(3):270-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1539/joh.L7116] [PMID]
103. Nazri SM, Tengku M, Winn T. The association of shift work and hypertension among male factory workers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2008;39(1):176-83. [Link]
104. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Kobayashi E, et al. Shift work is a risk factor for increased blood pressure in Japanese men: A 14-year historical cohort study. Hypertension. 2008;52(3):581-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114553] [PMID]
105. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, et al. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(8):1887-93. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/oby.2008.298] [PMID]
106. Dochi M, Suwazono Y, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, et al. Shift work is a risk factor for increased total cholesterol level: A 14-year prospective cohort study in 6886 male workers. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66(9):592-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oem.2008.042176] [PMID]
107. Esquirol Y, Bongard V, Mabile L, Jonnier B, Soulat JM, Perret B. Shift work and metabolic syndrome: respective impacts of job strain, physical activity, and dietary rhythms. Chronobiol Int. 2009;26(3):544-59. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420520902821176] [PMID]
108. Conceição Antunes LD, Jornada, Letícia Ramalho MND, Loayza Hidalgo MP. Correlation of shift work and waist circumference, body mass index, chronotype and depressive symptoms. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;54(7):652-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1590/S0004-27302010000700010] [PMID]
109. Bushnell TP, Colombi A, Caruso CC, Tak S. Work schedules and health behavior outcomes at a large manufacturer. Ind Health. 2010;48(4):395-405. [Link] [DOI:10.2486/indhealth.MSSW-03] [PMID]
110. Chen JD, Lin YC, Hsiao ST. Obesity and high blood pressure of 12-hour night shift female clean-room workers. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27(2):334-44. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420520903502242] [PMID]
111. Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo K, Silventoinen K, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Shift-work and cardiovascular disease: A population-based 22-year follow-up study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(5):315-23. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10654-010-9439-3] [PMID]
112. Padilha HG, Crispim CA, Zimberg IZ, Folkard S, Tufik S, Túlio de Mello M. Metabolic responses on the early shift. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27(5):1080-92. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2010.489883] [PMID]
113. Crispim CA, Waterhouse J, Raimunda Dâmaso A, Zimberg IZ, Padilha HG, Oyama LM, et al. Hormonal appetite control is altered by shift work: A preliminary study. Metabolism. 2011;60(12):1726-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.014] [PMID]
114. Itoh H, Weng Z, Saito H, Ogawa Y, Nakayama K, Hasegawa-Ohira M, et al. Association between night-shift work and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Japanese male indoor workers: A cross-sectional study. Ind Health. 2011;49(5):658-62. [Link] [DOI:10.2486/indhealth.MS1271] [PMID]
115. Li Y, Sato Y, Yamaguchi N. Shift work and the risk of metabolic syndrome: a nested case-control study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2011;17(2):154-60. [Link] [DOI:10.1179/107735211799030960] [PMID]
116. Manenschijn L, Van Kruysbergen RGPM, De Jong FH, Koper JW, Van Rossum EFC. Shift work at young age is associated with elevated long-term cortisol levels and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(11):E1862-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1210/jc.2011-1551] [PMID]
117. Torky AA, Charl Fahmy F, Mansour TA, Goda FA, El Gazar RM. Influence of shift work on coronary high risk status among natural gas field workers. Bull High Inst Pub Health. 2011;41(1):66-81. [Link] [DOI:10.21608/jhiph.2011.20146]
118. Uetani M, Sakata K, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Nakada S, Nogawa K, et al. The influence of being overweight on the relationship between shift work and increased total cholesterol level. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(5):327-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.01.001] [PMID]
119. Jermendy G, Nádas J, Hegyi I, Vasas I, Hidvégi T. Assessment of cardiometabolic risk among shift workers in Hungary. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:18. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1477-7525-10-18] [PMID] [PMCID]
120. Macagnan J, Pattussi MP, Canuto R, Henn RL, Fassa AG, Olinto MTA. Impact of nightshift work on overweight and abdominal obesity among workers of a poultry processing plant in southern Brazil. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(3):336-43. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2011.653851] [PMID]
121. Barbadoro P, Santarelli L, Croce N, Bracci M, Vincitorio D, Prospero E, et al. Rotating shift-work as an independent risk factor for overweight Italian workers: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63289. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0063289] [PMID] [PMCID]
122. Guo Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Rong Y, He M, Wang Y, et al. The effects of shift work on sleeping quality, hypertension and diabetes in retired workers. PloS One. 2013;8(8):e71107. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0071107] [PMID] [PMCID]
123. Hemamalini R. Effect of shift work on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Unknown publisher. 2013;5(22). [Link]
124. Ika K, Suzuki E, Mitsuhashi T, Takao S, Doi H. Shift work and diabetes mellitus among male workers in Japan: Does the intensity of shift work matter? Acta Med Okayama. 2013;67(1):25-33. [Link]
125. Kubo T, Fujino Y, Nakamura T, Kunimoto M, Tabata H, Tsuchiya T, et al. An industry-based cohort study of the association between weight gain and hypertension risk among rotating shift workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(9):1041-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31829731fd] [PMID]
126. Schiavo-Cardozo D, M O Lima M, Carlos Pareja J, Geloneze B. Appetite‐regulating hormones from the upper gut: Disrupted control of xenin and ghrelin in night workers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;79(6):807-11. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/cen.12114] [PMID]
127. Hui Ye H, Uk Jeong J, Joong Jeon M, Sakong J. The association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome in female workers. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2013;25(1):33. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/2052-4374-25-33] [PMID] [PMCID]
128. Canuto R, Pascoal Pattussi M, Block Araldi Macagnan J, Liane Henn R, Teresa Anselmo Olinto M. Sleep deprivation and obesity in shift workers in southern Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(11):2619-23. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S1368980013002838] [PMID]
129. Ghazawy ER, Kamel SM, Gamal HM, Ewis AA. Night shift working and its impact on development and control of Diabetes Mellitus in workers of Abo Korkas sugar factory, El-Minia, Egypt. Egypt J Occup Med. 2014;38(2):197-211. [Link] [DOI:10.21608/ejom.2014.798]
130. Kawabe Y, Nakamura Y, Kikuchi S, Murakami Y, TanakaT, Takebayashi T, et al. Relationship between shift work and clustering of the metabolic syndrome diagnostic components. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014;21(7):703-11. [Link] [DOI:10.5551/jat.19380] [PMID]
131. Abedini R, Soltanzadeh A, Faghih MA, Mohammadi H, Kamalinia M, Habibi Mohraz M, et al. Health consequences of shift-work: The case of Iranian hospital security personnel. Work. 2015;50(2):305-11. [Link] [DOI:10.3233/WOR-141839] [PMID]
132. Akbari H, Mirzaei R, Nasrabadi T, Gholami-Fesharaki M. Evaluation of the effect of shift work on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(1):e18723. [Link] [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.18723]
133. Bekkers MBM, Koppes LLJ, Rodenburg W, Van Steeg H, Proper KI. Relationship of night and shift work with weight change and lifestyle behaviors. J Occup Environ Med. 2015;57(4):e37-44. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000426] [PMID]
134. Gholami Fesharaki M, Kazemnejad A, Zayeri F, Rowzati M, Akbari H. Longitudinal study of the relationship between shift work and cholesterol using bayesian multilevel modeling with skew T distribution. Iran J Epidemiol. 2015;10(4):69-77. [Link]
135. Lu LF, Wang CP, Tsai IT, Hung WC, Yu TH, Wu CC, et al. Relationship between shift work and peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts in Chinese steel workers. J Occup Health. 2015:58(1):81-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1539/joh.15-0137-OA] [PMID]
136. Ohlander J, Keskin MC, Stork J, Radon K. Shift work and hypertension: Prevalence and analysis of disease pathways in a German car manufacturing company. Am J Ind Med. 2015;58(5):549-60. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/ajim.22437] [PMID]
137. Yong M, Germann C, Lang S, Oberlinner C. Primary selection into shift work and change of cardiovascular risk profile. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(3):259-67. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3487] [PMID]
138. Chung TH, Lee J, Kim MC. Impact of night-shift work on the prevalence of erosive esophagitis in shipyard male workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2016;89:961-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-016-1130-x] [PMID] [PMCID]
139. Gomez-Parra M, Romero-Arrieta L, Vasquez-Trespalacios EM, Palacio-Jaramillo V, Valencia-Martinez A. Association between shift work and being overweight or obese among health care workers in a clinical setting in Medellin, Colombia. Work. 2016;55(3):635-42. [Link] [DOI:10.3233/WOR-162438] [PMID]
140. Heath G, Coates A, Sargent C, Dorrian J. Sleep duration and chronic fatigue are differently associated with the dietary profile of shift workers. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):771. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/nu8120771] [PMID] [PMCID]
141. Kang WY, Park WJ, Jang KH Kim SH, Gwon DH, Lim HM, et al. Coronary artery atherosclerosis associated with shift work in chemical plant workers by using coronary CT angiography. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(8):501-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2015-103118] [PMID]
142. Kim SW, Jang WC, Kwon SC, Han W, Kang MS, Nam TH, et al. Night shift work and inflammatory markers in male workers aged 20-39 in a display manufacturing company. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2016;28:48. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40557-016-0135-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
143. Yoon CG, Kang MY, Bae KJ, Yoon JH. Do working hours and type of work affect obesity in South Korean female workers? Analysis of the Korean Community Health Survey. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2016;25(2):173-80. [Link] [DOI:10.1089/jwh.2014.5161] [PMID]
144. Bazyar F, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Rowzati M. The relationship between shift work and Framingham risk score: A five-year prospective cohort study. ARYA Atheroscler. 2017;13(6):288-94. [Link]
145. Kang MY, Kwon HJ, Choi KH, Kang CW, Kim H. The relationship between shift work and mental health among electronics workers in South Korea: A cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2017;12(11):e0188019. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0188019] [PMID] [PMCID]
146. Kazemi M, Abadi A, Zayeri F, Hassanzadeh H. Assessing the effect of shift work among petrochemical industries staff at Mahshahr, Iran. J Paramed Sci. 2017;8(4):36-43. [Link]
147. Lu YC, Wang CP, Yu TH, Tsai IT, Hung WC, Lu IC, et al. Shift work is associated with metabolic syndrome in male steel workers-the role of resistin and WBC count-related metabolic derangements. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9:83. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13098-017-0283-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
148. Ranawat R, Srivastava R. Risk of cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal tract disorders in relation to the impact of shift work among male workers of textile mills in Pali district of Rajasthan, India. Appl Natur Sci Found. 2017;9(3):1329-37. [Link] [DOI:10.31018/jans.v9i3.1362]
149. Yeom JH, Sim CS, Lee J, Yun SH, Park SJ, Yoo CI, et al. Effect of shift work on hypertension: Cross sectional study. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2017;29:11. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40557-017-0166-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
150. Amini M, Kazemnejad A, Zayeri F, Gholami Fesharaki M. Analysis of multi-center longitudinal data using multilevel model for assessing the relationship between work schedule and body mass index among staff of mobarakeh steel and polyacryl companies. Iran J Epidemiol. 2018;13(4):346-55. [Persian] [Link]
151. Hammer P, Flachs E, Specht I, Pinborg A, Petersen S, Larsen A, et al. Night work and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A national register-based cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(4):403-13. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3728] [PMID]
152. Hamta A, Kazemnejad A, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Rowzati M. Simultaneous effect of shift work on blood pressure and lipid profile: A path analysis. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2018;24(1):68-72. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/10803548.2017.1314139] [PMID]
153. Hulsegge G, Gupta N, Proper KI, Van Lobenstein N, IJzelenberg W, Hallman DM, et al. Shift work is associated with reduced heart rate variability among men but not women. Int J Cardiol. 2018;258:109-14. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.089] [PMID]
154. Reid KJ, Weng J, Ramos AR, Zee PC, Daviglus M, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, et al. Impact of shift work schedules on actigraphy-based measures of sleep in Hispanic workers: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos ancillary Sueño study. Sleep. 2018;41(10):zsy131. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/sleep/zsy131]
155. Shaker D, Samir A, Zyada F, El-Sharkawy M, Ekladious SM. Impact of shift work on sleep problems, hormonal changes, and features of metabolic syndrome in a sample of Egyptian industrial workers: A cross-sectional study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2018;25(2):91-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/01.XME.0000526694.65550.93]
156. Silva-Costa A, Guimarães J, Chor D, Mendes da Fonseca MDJ, Bensenor I, Santos I, et al. Time of exposure to night work and carotid atherosclerosis: a structural equation modeling approach using baseline data from ELSA-Brasil. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2018;91(5):591-600. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-018-1305-8] [PMID]
157. Sun M, Feng W, Wang F, Zhang L, Wu Z, Li Z, et al. Night shift work exposure profile and obesity: Baseline results from a Chinese night shift worker cohort. PloS One. 2018;13(5):e0196989. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0196989] [PMID] [PMCID]
158. Young Uhm J, Kim HR, Kang GH, Choi YG, Park TH, Kim SY, et al. The association between shift work and chronic kidney disease in manual labor workers using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2011-2014). Ann Occup Environ Med. 2018;30:69. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40557-018-0279-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
159. Voinescu BI. Common sleep, psychiatric, and somatic problems according to work schedule: An internet survey in an eastern European country. Int J Behav Med. 2018;25(4):456-64. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s12529-018-9719-y] [PMID]
160. Choi YI, Park DK, Chung JW, Kim KO, Kwon KA, Kim YJ. Circadian rhythm disruption is associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia: A nationwide population-based study in Korea. Sci Rep. 2019;9:12015. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-48161-w] [PMID] [PMCID]
161. Dobrzyńska MA, Górna I, Kosewski G, Kowalówka M, Bolesławska I, Morawska A, et al. The influence of the shift work system on dietary factors contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases. J Med Sci. 2019;88(2):96-101. [Link] [DOI:10.20883/jms.324]
162. Hanprathet N, Lertmaharit S, Lohsoonthorn V. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes and abnormal fpg due to shift work differs according to gender: A retrospective cohort study among thai workers in Bangkok, Thailand. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:2341. [Link] [DOI:10.2147/DMSO.S219524] [PMID] [PMCID]
163. Kouselou A, Gholami-Fesharaki M. Relationship between shift work and lipid profiles: A prospective cohort study with application of ordinal multilevel modeling. J Biostat Epidemiol. 2019;5(4):304-9. [Link] [DOI:10.18502/jbe.v5i4.3871]
164. Van de Langenberg D, Vlaanderen J, Dollé M, Rookus M, Van Kerkhof LV, Vermeulen R. Diet, physical activity, and daylight exposure patterns in night-shift workers and day workers. Ann Work Exposures. 2019;63(1):9-21. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/annweh/wxy097] [PMID]
165. Park J, Shin SY, Kang Y, Rhie J. Effect of night shift work on the control of hypertension and diabetes in workers taking medication. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2019;31(1):e27. [Link] [DOI:10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e27] [PMID] [PMCID]
166. Raspante Cerqueira Teixeira K, De Medeiros LA, Mendes JA, Vaz ER, Cunha TM, De Oliveira EP, et al. The erythrocyte membrane stability is associated with sleep time and social jetlag in shift workers. PloS One. 2019;14(9):e0222698. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0222698] [PMID] [PMCID]
167. Wang F, Zhang L, Wu S, Li W, Sun M, Feng W, et al. Night shift work and abnormal liver function: Is non-alcohol fatty liver a necessary mediator? Occup Environ Med. 2019;76(2):83-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2018-105273] [PMID]
168. Brum MCB, Dantas Filho FF, Schnorr CC, Bertoletti OA, Bottega GB2, Da Costa Rodrigues T. Night shift work, short sleep and obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:13. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13098-020-0524-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
169. Bukowska-Damska A, Skowronska-Jozwiak E, Kaluzny P, Lewinski A, Peplonska B. Night shift work and osteoporosis among female blue-collar workers in Poland-a pilot study. Chronobiol Int. 2020;37(6):910-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420528.2020.1763381] [PMID]
170. Eum MJ, Jung HS. Association between occupational characteristics and overweight and obesity among working Korean women: The 2010-2015 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1585. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17051585] [PMID] [PMCID]
171. Farías R, Sepúlveda A, Chamorro R. Impact of shift work on the eating pattern, physical activity and daytime sleepiness among chilean healthcare workers. Saf Health Work. 2020;11(3):367-71. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.shaw.2020.07.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
172. Hulsegge G, Van Mechelen W, Paagman H, Proper KI, Anema JR. The moderating role of lifestyle, age, and years working in shifts in the relationship between shift work and being overweight. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2020;93(6):697-705. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-020-01519-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
173. Tanikawa Y, Kimachi M, Ishikawa M, Hisada T, Fukuhara S, Yamamoto Y. Association between work schedules and motivation for lifestyle change in workers with overweight or obesity: A cross-sectional study in Japan. BMJ Open. 2020;10(4):e033000. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033000] [PMID] [PMCID]
174. Di Tecco C, Fontana L, Adamo G, Petyx M, Iavicoli S. Gender differences and occupational factors for the risk of obesity in the Italian working population. BMC Pub Health. 2020;20:706. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-020-08817-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
175. Ye L, Gu W, Chen Y, Li X, Shi J, Lv A, et al. The impact of shift work on glycemic characteristics assessed by CGM and its association with metabolic indices in non-diabetic subjects. Acta Diabetol. 2020;57(1):53-61. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00592-019-01372-z] [PMID]
176. Zhou M, Yang S, Guo Y, Wang D, Qiu W, Wang B, et al. Shift work and the risk of knee osteoarthritis among Chinese workers: A retrospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(2):152-60. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3861] [PMID]
177. Martins P, Almeida VD, Vergani N, Perez ABA, Tufik S. Increased plasma homocysteine levels in shift working bus drivers. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(9):662-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oem.60.9.662] [PMID] [PMCID]
178. Mohebbi I, Shateri K, Seyedmohammadzad M. The relationship between working schedule patterns and the markers of the metabolic syndrome: Comparison of shift workers with day workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2012;25(4):383-91. [Link] [DOI:10.2478/s13382-012-0051-5] [PMID]
179. Marqueze EC, Ulhôa MA, De Castro Moreno CR. Effects of irregular-shift work and physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in truck drivers. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(3):497-505. [Link] [DOI:10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004510] [PMID]
180. Balieiro L, Rossato LT, Waterhouse J, Paim SL, Mota MC, Crispim CA. Nutritional status and eating habits of bus drivers during the day and night. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(10):1123-9. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2014.957299] [PMID]
181. Marqueze EC, Ulhôa MA, Moreno CRC. Leisure-time physical activity does not fully explain the higher body mass index in irregular-shift workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2014;87(3):229-39. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-013-0850-4] [PMID]
182. Di Lorenzo L, De Pergola G, Zocchetti C, L'Abbate N, Basso A, Pannacciulli N, et al. Effect of shift work on body mass index: Results of a study performed in 319 glucose-tolerant men working in a southern Italian industry. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(11):1353-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802419] [PMID]
183. De Bacquer D, Van Risseghem M, Clays E, Kittel F, De Backer G, Braeckman L. Rotating shift work and the metabolic syndrome: A prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(3):848-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/ije/dyn360] [PMID]
184. Lin YC, Hsiao TJ, Chen PC. Shift work aggravates metabolic syndrome development among early-middle-aged males with elevated ALT. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(45):5654-61. [Link] [DOI:10.3748/wjg.15.5654] [PMID] [PMCID]
185. Oberlinner C, Gerald Ott M, Nasterlack M, Yong M, Messerer P, Zober A, et al. Medicai program for shift workers-impacts on chronic disease and mortality outcomes. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35(4):309-18. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.1332] [PMID]
186. Burgueño A, Gemma C, Fernández Gianotti T, Sookoian S, Jose Pirola C. Increased levels of resistin in rotating shift workers: A potential mediator of cardiovascular risk associated with circadian misalignment. Atherosclerosis. 2010;210(2):625-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.032] [PMID]
187. Kawada T, Otsuka T, Inagaki H, Wakayama Y, Katsumata M, Li Q, et al. A cross-sectional study on the shift work and metabolic syndrome in Japanese male workers. Aging Male. 2010;13(3):174-8. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/13685530903536692] [PMID]
188. Kubo T, Oyama I, Nakamura T, Shirane K, Otsuka H, Kunimoto M, et al. Retrospective cohort study of the risk of obesity among shift workers: Findings from the Industry-based shift workers' health study, Japan. Occup Environ Med. 2011;68(5):327-31. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oem.2009.054445] [PMID]
189. Knutsson A, Alfredsson L, Karlsson B, Åkerstedt T, Fransson EI, Westerholm P, et al. Breast cancer among shift workers: Results of the WOLF longitudinal cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013;39(2):170-7. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3323] [PMID]
190. Peplonska B, Burdelak W, Krysicka J, Bukowska A, Marcinkiewicz A, Sobala W, et al. Night shift work and modifiable lifestyle factors. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2014;27(5):693-706. [Link] [DOI:10.2478/s13382-014-0298-0] [PMID]
191. Silva-Costa A, Rotenberg L, Araújo Nobre A, Schmidt MI, Chor D, Griep RH. Gender-specific association between night-work exposure and type-2 diabetes: Results from longitudinal study of adult health, ELSA-Brasil. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(6):569-78. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3520] [PMID]
192. Leung M, Tranmer J, Hung E, Korsiak J, Day AG, Aronson KJ. Shift work, chronotype, and melatonin patterns among female hospital employees on day and night shifts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(5):830-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1178] [PMID]
193. Nigatu YT, Van De Ven HD, Van Der Klink JJL, Brouwer S, Reijneveld SA, Bültmann U. Overweight, obesity and work functioning: The role of working-time arrangements. Appl Ergon. 2016;52:128-34. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.016] [PMID]
194. Silva-Costa A, Rotenberg L, Coeli CM, Nobre AA, Griep RH. Night work is associated with glycemic levels and anthropometric alterations preceding diabetes: Baseline results from ELSA-Brasil. Chronobiol Int. 2016;33(1):64-72. [Link] [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2015.1115765] [PMID]
195. Yu KH, Yi YH, Kim YJ, Cho BM, Lee SY, Lee JG, et al. Shift work is associated with metabolic syndrome in young female Korean workers. Korean J Fam Med. 2017;38(2):51-6. [Link] [DOI:10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.2.51] [PMID] [PMCID]
196. Mojtahedzadeh SM, Holakouie-Naieni K, Nematollahi S, Mazarei AM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the personnel of abadan oil refinery and factors related to it. J Sch Pub Health Ins PubHealth Res. 2017;15(1):35-46. [Link]
197. Korsiak J, Tranmer J, Day A, Aronson JK. Sleep duration as a mediator between an alternating day and night shift work schedule and metabolic syndrome among female hospital employees. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(2):132-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oemed-2017-104371] [PMID]
198. Harati A, Shahtaheri SJ, Harati B, Honarjoy A. Investigation of relation between shift work and biomarkers of metabolic syndrome of workers, a case study at a petrochemical industry. Iran Occup Health. 2018;15(3):66-76. [Persian] [Link]
199. Gowda RH, Sukumar GM, Gowda SH. Association between metabolic risk, oxidative stress and rotating shift work in a tertiary health care facility. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019;7(4):564-70. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.cegh.2019.01.002]
200. Rabanipour N, Roohafza H, Feizi A, Amani Tirani S, Sarrafzadegan N. Association between shift work and obesity in a large sample of Iranian steel industry workers. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2019;70(3):194-200. [Link] [DOI:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3266] [PMID]
201. Dashti HS, Vetter C, Lane JM, Smith MC, Wood AR, Weedon MN, et al. Assessment of MTNR1B type 2 diabetes genetic risk modification by shift work and morningness-eveningness preference in the UK Biobank. Diabetes. 2020;69(2):259-66. [Link] [DOI:10.2337/db19-0606] [PMID] [PMCID]
202. Keramat SA, Alam K, Gow J, Biddle SJH. Job-related characteristics and obesity in australian employees: Evidence from a longitudinal nationally representative sample. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(7):729-39. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0890117119901093] [PMID]
203. Thach TQ, Mahirah D, Dunleavy G, Zhang Y, Nazeha N, Rykov Y, et al. Association between shift work and poor sleep quality in an Asian multi-ethnic working population: A cross-sectional study. Plos One. 2020;15(3):e0229693. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0229693] [PMID] [PMCID]
204. Ellingsen T, Bener A, Gehani A. Study of shift work and risk of coronary events. J R Soc Promot Health. 2007;127(6):265-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1466424007083702] [PMID]
205. Lennernäs MAC, Hambraus L, Åkerstedt T. Nutrient intake in day workers and shift workers. Int J Work. 1994;8(4):332-42. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/02678379408256540]
206. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58(11):747-52. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/oem.58.11.747] [PMID] [PMCID]
207. Van Amelsvoort LG, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Impact of one year of shift work on cardiovascular disease risk factors. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46(7):699-706. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/01.jom.0000131794.83723.45] [PMID]
208. Sookoian S, Gemma C, Fernández Gianotti T, Burgueño A, Alvarez A, González CD, et al. Effects of rotating shift work on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation. J Intern Med. 2007;261(3):285-92. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01766.x] [PMID]
209. Walia HK, Hayes AL, Przepyszny KA, Karumanchi P, Patel SR. Clinical presentation of shift workers to a sleep clinic. Sleep Breath. 2012;16(2):543-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11325-011-0540-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
210. Åkerstedt T, Knutsson A, Narusyte J, Svedberg P, Kecklund G, Alexanderson K. Night work and breast cancer in women: A Swedish cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):1-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008127] [PMID] [PMCID]
211. Hermansson J, Gådin KG, Karlsson B, Reuterwall C, Hallqvist J, Knutsson A. Case fatality of myocardial infarction among shift workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015;88(5):599-605. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-014-0984-z] [PMID]
212. Loprinzi PD. The effects of shift work on free-living physical activity and sedentary behavior. Prev Med. 2015;76:43-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.025] [PMID]
213. Vimalananda VG, Palmer JR, Gerlovin H, Wise LA, Rosenzweig JL, Rosenberg L, et al. Night-shift work and incident diabetes among African-American women. Diabetologia. 2015;58(4):699-706. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00125-014-3480-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
214. Hulsegge G, Boer JM, Van Der Beek AJ, Verschuren WM, Sluijs I, Vermeulen R, et al. Shift workers have a similar diet quality but higher energy intake than day workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2016;42(6):459-68. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3593] [PMID]
215. Neil-Sztramko SE, Gotay CC, Demers PA, Campbell KL. Physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition of Canadian shift workers: Data from the Canadian health measures survey cycles 1 and 2. J Occup Environ Med. 201658(1):94-100. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000574] [PMID]
216. Balakrishnan M, El-Serag HB, Kanwal F, Thrift AP. Shift work is not associated with increased risk of NAFLD: Findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(2):526-33. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10620-016-4401-1] [PMID]
217. Bokenberger K, Ström P, Dahl Aslan AK, Åkerstedt T, Pedersen NL. Shift work and cognitive aging: A longitudinal study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017;43(5):485-93. [Link] [DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3638] [PMID]
218. Choi SJ, Kim YS, Park E. Cardiovascular disease risk factors related to shift work among Korean workers aged from 30 to 49 years. Nurs Fac Publ. 2017;20(1(B)):681-91. [Link]
219. Jakobsen GS, Timm AM, Hansen AM, Garde AH, Nabe-Nielsen K. The association between shift work and treatment-seeking migraine in Denmark. Ergonomics. 2017;60(9):1207-17. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/00140139.2016.1278463] [PMID]
220. Manodpitipong A, Saetung S, Nimitphong H, Siwasaranond N, Wongphan T, Sornsiriwong C, et al. Night‐shift work is associated with poorer glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):764-72. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/jsr.12554] [PMID]
221. Bescos R, Boden MJ, Jackson M L, Trewin AJ, Marin EC, Levinger I, et al. Four days of simulated shift work reduces insulin sensitivity in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2018;223(2):e13039. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/apha.13039] [PMID]
222. Hulsegge G, Picavet HSJ, Van Der Beek AJ, Monique Verschuren WM, Twisk JW, Proper KI. Shift work, chronotype and the risk of cardiometabolic risk factors. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):128-34. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/eurpub/cky092] [PMID]
223. Vetter C, Dashti HS, Lane JM, Anderson SG, Schernhammer ES, Rutter MK, et al. Affiliations expand et al. Night shift work, genetic risk, and type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(4):762-9. [Link] [DOI:10.2337/dc17-1933] [PMID] [PMCID]
224. Nikpour M, Tirgar A, Hajiahmadi M, Hosseini A, Heidari B, Ghaffari F, et al. Shift work and metabolic syndrome: A multicenter crosssectional study on females of reproductive age. Biomed Rep. 2019;10(5):311-7. [Link] [DOI:10.3892/br.2019.1205]
225. Sweeney E, Yu ZM, Dummer TJB, Cui Y, DeClercq V, Forbes C, et al. The relationship between anthropometric measures and cardiometabolic health in shift work: Findings from the Atlantic PATH Cohort Study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;93(1):67-76. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00420-019-01459-8] [PMID]
226. O'Brien VM, Nea FM, Pourshahidi KL, Livingstone B, Bardon L, Kelly C, et al. Overweight and obesity in shift workers: Associated dietary and lifestyle factors. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30(3):579-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa084] [PMID]
227. Reis C, Staats R, Pellegrino P, Alvarenga TA, Bárbara C, Paiva T. The prevalence of excessive sleepiness is higher in shift workers than in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(4):e13073. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/jsr.13073] [PMID]
228. Sun X, Gustat J, Bertisch SM, Redline S, Bazzano L. The association between sleep chronotype and obesity among black and white participants of the Bogalusa heart study. Chronobiol Int. 2020;37(1):123-34. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/07420528.2019.1689398] [PMID] [PMCID]
229. Um K, Park CS, Yoo C, Ahn YS, Kim M, Jeong KS. Risk factors including night shift work of colorectal polyp. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2020;32:e26. [Link] [DOI:10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e26] [PMID] [PMCID]
230. Ghiasvand M, Heshmat R, Golpira R, Haghpanah V, Soleimani A, Shoushtarizadeh P, et al. Shift working and risk of lipid disorders: A cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2006;5:9. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1476-511X-5-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
231. Ma CC, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Charles LE, Gu JK, et al. Association of shift work with physical activity among police officers: The Buffalo cardio-metabolic occupational police stress study. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(9):1030-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31822589f9] [PMID]
232. Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Moon M, Budde L, Tseng HC, Clark MK. The effect of work shift and sleep duration on various aspects of police officers' health. Workplace Health Saf. 2012;60(5):215-22.
https://doi.org/10.3928/21650799-20120416-22 [Link] [DOI:10.1177/216507991206000505] [PMID]
233. Wirth M, Burch J, Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Vena JE, et al. Dietary inflammatory index scores differ by shiftwork status: NHANES 2005-2010. J Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(2):145-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000088] [PMID] [PMCID]
234. Ghanbary Sartang A, Ashnagar M, Habibi E, Nowrouzi I, Ghasemi H. The relationship of body mass index and waist-hip ratio with shift work among military personnel in 2016. J Occup Health Epidemiol. 2015;4(4):252-9. [Link] [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.johe.4.4.252]
235. Fekedulegn D, Burchfiel CM, Charles LE, Hartley TA, Andrew ME, Violanti JM. Shift work and sleep quality among urban police officers: The BCOPS study. J Occup Environ Med. 2016;58(3):e66-71. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000620] [PMID] [PMCID]
236. Ghanbary Sartang A, Ashnagar M, Abadi M, Habibi E. Association between shift work and obesity among a group of Iranian military personnel in 2016. J Occup Health Epidemiol. 2017;6(4):178-83. [Link] [DOI:10.29252/johe.6.4.178]
237. Hussain M, Tyagi R. Effect of shift work on physiological parameters: A study among security personnel. Natl J Physiol, Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;9(2):103-7. [Link]
238. Scheer FAJL, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(11):4453-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0808180106] [PMID] [PMCID]
239. Bass J, Takahashi JS. Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science. 2010;330(6009):1349-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1126/science.1195027] [PMID] [PMCID]
240. Garaulet M, Ordovas JM, Madrid JA. The chronobiology, etiology and pathophysiology of obesity. Int J Obes. 2010;34(12):1667-83. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/ijo.2010.118] [PMID] [PMCID]
241. Beccuti G, Pannain S, Care M. Sleep and obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(4):402-12. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109] [PMID] [PMCID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |