Health Education and Health Promotion

Smartphone-Based Health Education to Improve Knowledge and Attitudes in Filariasis Prevention

Authors

A. Ariyanto 1
A. Johari 2
M.N. Naswir 3
S. Fahri 4

1 Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Mathematic and Science, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia

2 Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Science, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia

3 Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia

4 Department of Environmental Health, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.58209/hehp.13.2.381
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a smartphone-based health education application, Edu Fila, in improving community knowledge and attitudes toward filariasis prevention in an endemic area.

Materials & Methods: This quantitative study employed a pre-experimental, one-group pre-test-post-test design, involving 50 purposively selected participants from Muaro Jambi District, Indonesia. Participants received three educational sessions via the Edu Fila mobile application, which covered key aspects of filariasis, including transmission, symptoms, impact, and prevention. Knowledge and attitudes were measured before and after the intervention using validated questionnaires. Paired t-tests were conducted to analyze the statistical significance of the changes.

Findings: There was a significant increase in both knowledge and attitude scores following the intervention. The mean knowledge score improved from 40.38 to 53.62 (p=0.0001), and the mean attitude score increased from 32.92 to 40.52 (p=0.0001). The smartphone-based education model was effective in enhancing participants’ understanding and attitudes related to filariasis prevention.

Conclusion: The Edu Fila application effectively improved knowledge and fostered positive behavioral attitudes, supporting broader public health strategies for filariasis prevention.

Keywords

Filariasis
Health education
Smartphone Application
Digital Health
Knowledge
Attitude
Subjects
Introduction
Filariasis, commonly referred to as elephantiasis, remains a significant public health concern in many tropical regions, including Indonesia [1, 2]. This parasitic disease is caused by infection with filarial worms, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of mosquitoes from specific genera, including Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Aedes [3, 4]. Clinically, filariasis is characterized by symptoms such as swelling of the limbs and genitalia, which can progress to a chronic and severely debilitating condition [5].
As a chronic disease, filariasis can result in permanent disability, adversely affecting not only physical health but also the psychosocial and economic well-being of affected individuals [6]. Once inside the human body, filarial worms develop within the lymphatic system, where they can survive for up to six to eight years. The prolonged presence of the parasites leads to progressive damage to the lymphatic vessels, culminating in lymphedema, which is most commonly observed as the gross enlargement of extremities. This condition is often irreversible and poses substantial challenges for treatment and management [7].
Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 120 million people are currently infected with filariasis, while approximately 1.1 billion individuals reside in areas at high risk of transmission. The majority of cases are concentrated in Southeast Asia and Africa, where climatic, environmental, and socio-economic conditions facilitate the proliferation of mosquito vectors responsible for disease transmission. Among those affected, an estimated 25 million men suffer from genital swelling, and over 15 million individuals live with lymphedema, many of whom lack access to adequate medical care [8].
Indonesia is recognized as an endemic country for filariasis and is notably unique as the only nation where all three major species of filarial worms—Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori—are present [2]. The disease is widespread, with cases reported in nearly all provinces. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, as of 2023, there were 7,955 reported chronic filariasis cases across 38 provinces. In Jambi Province alone, 224 cases were documented, underscoring the ongoing challenges in controlling and eliminating the disease [9].
The impact of filariasis extends beyond the individuals directly affected, influencing their families and the broader community [10]. Infected individuals often experience significant physical limitations that hinder daily functioning, reduce work productivity, and result in loss of income. Furthermore, many patients face social stigma and discrimination, which exacerbate their psychological and social burdens. Thus, filariasis represents not only a medical condition but also a substantial social and economic challenge [11].
Efforts to prevent the transmission of filariasis have included the implementation of various strategies, with community-based education emerging as a key component. Educational interventions play a crucial role in enhancing public knowledge and shaping attitudes toward disease prevention, including the use of mosquito nets, maintaining environmental sanitation, and avoiding mosquito bites. Although conventional approaches such as lectures, group discussions, and direct counseling have long been employed, they often encounter limitations related to coverage, accessibility, and effectiveness [12].
In the digital era, there has been a significant shift in the way individuals access information, including health-related content. The widespread use of smartphones has become an integral aspect of daily life, presenting opportunities to leverage digital technology as an educational medium that is more effective, efficient, and capable of reaching broader audiences without the constraints of time and location [13].
Smartphone-based applications offer users the flexibility to access health information anytime and anywhere. Interactive digital education platforms have been shown to enhance comprehension, engagement, and retention of information more effectively than conventional methods. Consequently, the integration of digital technologies into health promotion strategies is highly relevant for addressing the needs and behaviors of modern populations, who are increasingly reliant on digital devices [7, 14].
Given the ongoing challenges in controlling filariasis, there is a critical need to strengthen technology-based educational strategies. Such approaches not only align with contemporary digital trends but also have the potential to expand outreach, foster positive behavioral change, and accelerate national efforts toward filariasis elimination in Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a smartphone-based health education application, Edu Fila, in improving community knowledge and attitudes toward filariasis prevention in an endemic area.

Materials and Methods
Study design and Setting
This quantitative study employed a pre-experimental, one-group pre-test-post-test design and was conducted in the Muaro Jambi District, located in Jambi Province, Indonesia, from January to August 2024. In this design, a single group of participants is observed without the inclusion of a control group. Measurements are conducted both before and after the intervention to assess changes attributable to the intervention.
This area was selected due to its status as a filariasis-endemic area with a high prevalence of cases, as well as its accessibility to digital technology, including widespread smartphone usage. During eight months, several key activities were undertaken, including the development of research tools, the recruitment of participants, the administration of the pre-test, the delivery of health education through the Edu Fila mobile application, and subsequent post-test assessments and data analysis.
Sample
The study population consisted of residents within the working area of Muaro Jambi Regency. Inclusion criteria were individuals aged 18 years or older, the ability to read and comprehend educational content, access to and the ability to use a smartphone, and willingness to participate in all phases of the study.
The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, which is commonly applied when the total population size is large, unknown, or not entirely accessible. The formula is used to calculate an appropriate sample size by considering a desired margin of error and confidence level.



Assuming a large population and a margin of error (e) of 0.14, the calculated sample size was 50 participants. This number was deemed sufficient to detect meaningful changes in knowledge and attitudes within a pre-test-post-test design, while still allowing for appropriate statistical analysis.
Participants were selected using purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling technique in which individuals are chosen based on specific, predefined criteria. This approach ensured that the educational intervention delivered via the smartphone application could be effectively received and comprehended by the target population.
Parameters
This study focused on two main aspects, including the intervention provided and the outcomes observed. The intervention involved filariasis prevention education delivered through a smartphone-based application called Edu Fila. The application offered comprehensive educational content on filariasis, including definitions, modes of transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, potential health impacts, and community-based preventive measures. Designed to be user-friendly and easily accessible, the app enabled participants to understand and engage with the material independently.
We assessed the respondents’ knowledge and attitudes concerning filariasis transmission prevention, particularly before and after the educational intervention. Knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire consisting of 10 multiple-choice questions. Each correct response was scored as 1, while each incorrect response was scored as 0, resulting in a total possible score ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicated greater knowledge of filariasis. Attitudes were measured using 10 statement items based on a four-point Likert scale: strongly agree (4), agree (3), disagree (2), and strongly disagree (1). A higher cumulative score reflected a more positive attitude toward efforts to prevent filariasis transmission.
Prior to data collection, the questionnaire was subjected to validity and reliability testing. Validity was assessed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and all items measuring knowledge and attitude had correlation coefficients (r values) greater than the critical value of r at the 5% significance level, indicating that all items were statistically valid.
Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The knowledge instrument yielded an alpha value of 0.76, while the attitude instrument produced an alpha value of 0.81. Both values exceed the commonly accepted threshold of 0.60, suggesting that the instruments demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and were therefore considered reliable for use in our study.
Intervention
The educational procedure was conducted using the Edu Fila application, a smartphone-based digital platform specifically developed for this study. Education was provided in three sessions, each lasting between 30 and 45 minutes. The content covered various aspects of filariasis, including an introduction to the disease, its modes of transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, its impacts, and preventive measures that individuals and communities can adopt. The material was presented interactively, incorporating a combination of text, images, and educational videos designed for ease of understanding.
Following the completion of all educational sessions, respondents were asked to complete a post-test questionnaire, which included the same questions as the pre-test. This post-test was administered to assess changes in the respondents’ knowledge and attitudes regarding filariasis prevention after receiving the application-based education.
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed using both descriptive and inferential methods. Descriptive analysis was employed to summarize the demographic characteristics of the respondents, including gender, age, education level, and occupation. Additionally, it was used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and the minimum and maximum scores for the respondents’ knowledge and attitudes, both before and after the educational intervention. To assess the impact of the educational intervention delivered via the Edu Fila application, inferential analysis was conducted using a paired t-test. This test aimed to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in respondents’ knowledge and attitudes before and after receiving the digital education. The test was performed at a 95% confidence level (α=0.05), with results considered statistically significant if the p-value was less than 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.

Findings
The majority of the subjects were female. In terms of age, most respondents were in the late adult age group. Regarding education level, most respondents had completed secondary education. In terms of occupation, most respondents worked in the informal sector, particularly in agriculture (Table 1).

Table 1. Frequency of respondents’ characteristics


Before the intervention, respondents’ knowledge was categorized as low, and their attitudes toward filariasis prevention were less favorable. Statistical analysis using a paired t-test showed a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention scores for both knowledge and attitude. The average scores of knowledge and attitude significantly increased after the intervention so that the mean knowledge score improved from 40.38 to 53.62 (p=0.0001), and the mean attitude score increased from 32.92 to 40.52 (both p=0.0001).

Discussion
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a smartphone-based health education application in improving community knowledge and attitudes toward filariasis prevention. The smartphone application-based education had a significant impact on enhancing both community knowledge and attitudes toward preventing filariasis transmission. The observed increase in knowledge and positive attitude shifts following the educational intervention suggests that digital technology, as an educational medium, offers an effective and innovative solution for disseminating health information to the public [15].
The improvement in knowledge demonstrates that the educational materials delivered through the Edu Fila application were well received and comprehended by respondents. This suggests that the interactive and visually engaging format of the material effectively clarified key concepts, such as the causes, modes of transmission, and preventive measures for filariasis [16]. Furthermore, the accessibility of information through widely used devices, such as smartphones, is a crucial factor contributing to the success of this educational approach. The user-friendly design and intuitive interface of the Edu Fila app enable participants to engage with the material effectively, without encountering technical barriers [17]. This study aligns with the research by Goni et al. [18], which reported that interactive and self-directed smartphone-based health education interventions are effective in improving community knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the prevention of infectious diseases, including filariasis. It is also relevant to the study by Carrion et al. [14], which found that the use of mobile applications is effective in increasing public knowledge and awareness of neglected tropical skin diseases, including filariasis, by focusing on effective communication strategies through mobile technology.
The positive attitudinal changes observed after the intervention further highlight that education not only fosters cognitive understanding but also raises awareness and promotes preventive behaviors. Respondents demonstrated greater support for filariasis prevention strategies, including maintaining environmental hygiene, avoiding mosquito bites, and participating in mass drug administration programs. Additionally, the Edu Fila application tracks users’ progress, offering personalized feedback and motivating continued active participation in prevention efforts [19].
According to Jaiyeola et al. [20], community-based education plays a crucial role in changing attitudes and practices related to disease prevention, particularly lymphatic filariasis, in two endemic communities in Nigeria. Similarly, Yotsu et al. [21] reported that the eSkinHealth application is effective in detecting and managing neglected tropical skin diseases, including filariasis, by enhancing the engagement of community health workers through a mobile platform.
These findings align with behavior change theory, which posits that knowledge serves as the foundation for attitude formation, and attitudes, in turn, influence behavior [22]. When individuals are equipped with sufficient information and an understanding of disease risks, they are more likely to be receptive to altering their attitudes and behaviors [23]. In this context, digital educational media play a pivotal role in effectively delivering information and directly reaching target audiences, free from the constraints of time and location. The Edu Fila application also features reminder and notification functionalities, which reinforce educational messages and sustain users’ engagement with the content [24].
The success of education delivered through smartphone applications is further supported by the characteristics of the respondents, who are predominantly within the productive age group and possess a secondary education background. This demographic is generally more receptive to technology and demonstrates strong self-directed learning capabilities [25]. These traits underscore the suitability of digital media for health promotion strategies, particularly in the modern era. The Edu Fila app offers users the flexibility to learn at their own pace and convenience, thereby mitigating the limitations typically associated with traditional educational models.
From a methodological perspective, the use of a pre-test-post-test design provides a clear depiction of changes in knowledge and attitudes before and after the intervention. Although the study lacked a control group, the observed changes within the same group lend validity to the findings, as they allow for direct comparison. Statistical analysis further confirmed the significance of these results, thereby supporting the conclusion that the intervention had a meaningful impact.
Overall, our findings validate the potential of technology in enhancing the effectiveness of health education, particularly in areas with limited access to healthcare professionals. The Edu Fila app represents a modern and responsive approach to technology-based education, offering a practical and efficient means of reaching a broader audience. This strategy holds promise as an innovative component of sustainable, community-based disease prevention programs, with the potential for long-term benefits.
This study has several limitations. First, the respondents were predominantly from the productive age group and had a moderate level of education, both of which are characteristics that tend to be more receptive to technology. As a result, the findings may not be generalizable to other age groups or individuals with varying educational backgrounds. Second, the study employed a pre-test-post-test design without a control group, which limits the ability to definitively attribute the observed changes to the use of the app alone.
Future research should aim to include a more diverse sample, encompassing a broader age range and varying educational levels, to enhance the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, adopting an experimental design with a control group is recommended to establish a clearer causal relationship between app usage and the observed changes. Furthermore, extending the duration of app usage and investigating its long-term effects would provide a deeper understanding of the app’s role in fostering sustained behavior change.
By leveraging digital technology, the app delivers health information in an interactive and visually engaging manner, thereby improving accessibility and promoting behavioral changes aimed at prevention. This app enables education to reach a wider audience without the constraints of time or location, offering a flexible and personalized learning experience.

Conclusion
The Android-based Edu Fila application is effective in enhancing community knowledge and attitudes toward filariasis prevention.

Acknowledgments: We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Rector of Jambi University for the invaluable support, guidance, and opportunities provided throughout the research process and the preparation of this manuscript. We also extend our appreciation for the facilities and academic environment offered by Jambi University, which have fostered a conducive atmosphere for our continued learning and research endeavors. We hope that this collaboration will persist, contributing to the advancement of academic progress and the enhancement of educational quality at Jambi University.
Ethical Permissions: This research obtained a letter of permission to conduct the study from the research ethics committee of Universitas Jambi, Indonesia (Ethics code: 577/UN21.8/PT.01.04/2024), and all participants signed an informed consent form prior to data collection.
Conflicts of Interests: The authors declared no conflicts of interests.
Authors' Contribution: Ariyanto A (First Author), Introduction Writer/Methodologist/Main Researcher/Discussion Writer/Statistical Analyst (40%); Johari A (Second Author), Introduction Writer/Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer (20%); Naswir MN (Third Author), Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer/Statistical Analyst (20%); Fahri S (Fourth Author), Methodologist/Assistant Researcher/Discussion Writer (20%)
Funding/Support: No funding or financial support was received for the implementation of this study.
  1. 1. Oemijati S. Current status of filariasis in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993;24:2–4.
    2. Sudomo M, Azhar A, Oemijati S. Lymphatic filariasis in Indonesia. J Ekol Kesehat. 2002;1(2).
    3. Meliyanie G, Andiarsa D. Program eliminasi lymphatic filariasis di Indonesia. J Heal Epidemiol Commun Dis. 2017;3(2):63–70.
    4. Pratiwi DA, Kusumaratna RK. Risk factors of negleted diseases at juai district of balangan regency, south kalimantan: a lymphatic filariasis. J Biomedika Dan Kesehat. 2022;5(1):14–23.
    5. Kwa BH, Kwa BH. Filariasis and Elephantiasis: You Can’t Go Home Again. Parasite Chronicles My Lifelong Odyssey Among Parasites that Cause Hum Dis. 2017;61–74.
    6. Choolayil AC, Anandhan M, Elangovan N, Paranthaman S, Sadhasivam A, Kuttiatt VS. Adopting telehealth service for lymphedema care: Insights from a Filariasis Management Clinic, Puducherry, India. Digit Heal. 2025;11:20552076251326144.
    7. Ogwu MC, Izah SC. Mobile Health and Telemedicine for Tropical Diseases. In: Technological Innovations for Managing Tropical Diseases. Springer; 2025. p. 183–211.
    8. World Health Organization (WHO). Lymphatic filariasis. 21 November 2024. 2024.
    9. Kemenkes RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia [Internet]. 18 Desember 2023. 2023. Available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/category/profil-kesehatan
    10. Chandy A, Thakur AS, Singh MP, Manigauha A. A review of neglected tropical diseases: filariasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(7):581–6.
    11. Rahmi IR, Sutiningsih D, Hestiningsih R, Saraswati LD. Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kasus Filariasis di Indonesia: Sistematik Review. J Epidemiol Kesehat Komunitas. 2022;7(2):501–21.
    12. Bougma WR, Aiogalé VM, Attoumbre BY, Bartlett S, Brahima K, Coulibaly M, et al. Use of digital assessment tools to measure health facility readiness to provide the WHO recommended package of care for lymphatic filariasis morbidity. Front Trop Dis. 2024;5:1380042.
    13. Ali O, Deribe K, Semrau M, Mengiste A, Kinfe M, Tesfaye A, et al. A cross-sectional study to evaluate depression and quality of life among patients with lymphoedema due to podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis and leprosy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020;114(12):983–94.
    14. Carrion C, Robles N, Sola-Morales O, Aymerich M, Postigo JAR. Mobile health strategies to tackle skin neglected tropical diseases with recommendations from innovative experiences: systematic review. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2020;8(12):e22478.
    15. Stanton MC, Mkwanda SZ, Debrah AY, Batsa L, Biritwum NK, Hoerauf A, et al. Developing a community-led SMS reporting tool for the rapid assessment of lymphatic filariasis morbidity burden: case studies from Malawi and Ghana. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:1–13.
    16. Dewi KM. The Influence of Awareness and Education by Health Workers on Community Compliance in the Filariasis Prevention Program in Simpang Ulim, East Aceh District, 2018. J Kedokt Syiah Kuala. 2022;
    17. Banik S, Melanthota SK, Arbaaz, Vaz JM, Kadambalithaya VM, Hussain I, et al. Recent trends in smartphone-based detection for biomedical applications: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413:2389–406.
    18. Goni MD, Naing NN, Hasan H, Wan-Arfah N, Deris ZZ, Arifin WN, et al. Effectiveness of a Novel Smartphone Health Education Intervention in Enhancing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for the Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections Among Private Hajj Pilgrims From Malaysia. Front public Heal. 2021;9:594204.
    19. Saeed MA, Jabbar A. “Smart diagnosis” of parasitic diseases by use of smartphones. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(1):10–1128.
    20. Jaiyeola TM, Udoh EE, Adebambo AB. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards lymphatic filariasis among inhabitants of an endemic town in Oyo State, Nigeria. medRxiv [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;2022.05.30.22275754. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2022/05/30/2022.05.30.22275754.abstract
    21. Yotsu RR, Almamy D, Vagamon B, Ugai K, Itoh S, Koffi YD, et al. An mHealth App (eSkinHealth) for Detecting and Managing Skin Diseases in Resource-Limited Settings: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR dermatology. 2023 Jun;6:e46295.
    22. Ajzen I, Fishbein M, Lohmann S, Albarracín D. The influence of attitudes on behavior. Handb attitudes, Vol 1 Basic Princ. 2018;197–255.
    23. Vogel T, Wanke M. Attitudes and attitude change. Psychology Press; 2016.
    24. Simpson H, Konan DO, Brahima K, Koffi J d’Arc, Kashindi S, Edmiston M, et al. Effectiveness of community-based burden estimation to achieve elimination of lymphatic filariasis: A comparative cross-sectional investigation in Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Glob public Heal. 2022;2(8):e0000760.
    25. Lin L, Dacal E, Díez N, Carmona C, Martin Ramirez A, Barón Argos L, et al. Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) for real-time automatic quantification of filariasis in mobile microscopy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024;18(4):e0012117.
  2. Oemijati S. Current status of filariasis in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993;24:2-4. [Link]
  3. Sudomo M, Azhar A, Oemijati S. Lymphatic filariasis in Indonesia. Indones J Health Ecol. 2002;1(2). [Link]
  4. Meliyanie G, Andiarsa D. Lymphatic filariasis elimination program in Indonesia. J Health Epidemiol Commun Dis. 2017;3(2):63-70. [Indonesian] [Link] [DOI:10.22435/jhecds.v3i2.1790]
  5. Pratiwi DA, Kusumaratna RK. Risk factors of negleted diseases at Juai district of Balangan regency, south Kalimantan: A lymphatic filariasis. JURNAL BIOMEDIKA DAN KESEHATAN. 2022;5(1):14-23. [Link] [DOI:10.18051/JBiomedKes.2022.v5.14-23]
  6. Kwa BH. Filariasis and elephantiasis: You can't go home again. In: The parasite chronicles. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 61-74. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-74923-5_6]
  7. Choolayil AC, Anandhan M, Elangovan N, Paranthaman S, Sadhasivam A, Kuttiatt VS. Adopting telehealth service for lymphedema care: Insights from a filariasis management clinic, Puducherry, India. Digit Health. 2025;11:20552076251326145. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/20552076251326145]
  8. Ogwu MC, Izah SC. Mobile health and telemedicine for tropical diseases. In: Technological innovations for managing tropical diseases. Cham: Springer; 2025. p. 183-211. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-82622-1_8]
  9. WHO. Lymphatic filariasis [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2024 November 21]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis. [Link]
  10. Kemenkes RI. Indonesian Health Profile [Internet]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2023 [cited 2025 Jan 27]. Available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/category/profil-kesehatan. [Indonesian] [Link]
  11. Chandy A, Thakur AS, Singh MP, Manigauha A. A review of neglected tropical diseases: Filariasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(7):581-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60150-8]
  12. Rahmi IR, Sutiningsih D, Hestiningsih R, Saraswati LD. Factors Associated with Filariasis Cases in Indonesia: A Systematic Review. J Commun Health Epidemiol. 2022;7(2):501-21. [Indonesian] [Link] [DOI:10.14710/jekk.v7i2.11515]
  13. Bougma WR, Aiogalé VM, Attoumbre BY, Bartlett S, Brahima K, Coulibaly M, et al. Use of digital assessment tools to measure health facility readiness to provide the WHO recommended package of care for lymphatic filariasis morbidity. Front Trop Dis. 2024;5:1380042. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fitd.2024.1380042]
  14. Ali O, Deribe K, Semrau M, Mengiste A, Kinfe M, Tesfaye A, et al. A cross-sectional study to evaluate depression and quality of life among patients with lymphoedema due to podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis and leprosy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020;114(12):983-94. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/trstmh/traa130]
  15. Carrion C, Robles N, Sola-Morales O, Aymerich M, Postigo JAR. Mobile health strategies to tackle skin neglected tropical diseases with recommendations from innovative experiences: Systematic review. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2020;8(12):e22478. [Link] [DOI:10.2196/22478]
  16. Stanton MC, Mkwanda SZ, Debrah AY, Batsa L, Biritwum NK, Hoerauf A, et al. Developing a community-led SMS reporting tool for the rapid assessment of lymphatic filariasis morbidity burden: Case studies from Malawi and Ghana. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:214. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12879-015-0946-4]
  17. Dewi KM. The influence of awareness and education by health workers on community compliance in the filariasis prevention program in Simpang Ulim, East Aceh District, 2018. JURNAL KEDOKTERAN SYIAH KUALA. 2022. [Link]
  18. Banik S, Melanthota SK, Arbaaz, Vaz JM, Kadambalithaya VM, Hussain I, et al. Recent trends in smartphone-based detection for biomedical applications: A review. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413:2389-406. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00216-021-03184-z]
  19. Goni MD, Naing NN, Hasan H, Wan-Arfah N, Deris ZZ, Arifin WN, et al. Effectiveness of a novel smartphone health education intervention in enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and practices for the prevention of respiratory tract infections among private Hajj pilgrims from Malaysia. Front Public Health. 2021;9:594204. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2021.594204]
  20. Saeed MA, Jabbar A. "Smart diagnosis" of parasitic diseases by use of smartphones. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;56(1):e01469-17. [Link] [DOI:10.1128/JCM.01469-17]
  21. Jaiyeola TM, Udoh EE, Adebambo AB. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards lymphatic filariasis among inhabitants of an endemic town in Oyo State, Nigeria. J Epidemiol Soc Niger. 2022;5(1). [Link] [DOI:10.1101/2022.05.30.22275754]
  22. Yotsu RR, Almamy D, Vagamon B, Ugai K, Itoh S, Koffi YD, et al. An mHealth app (eSkinHealth) for detecting and managing skin diseases in resource-limited settings: Mixed methods pilot study. JMIR Dermatol. 2023;6:e46295. [Link] [DOI:10.2196/46295]
  23. Ajzen I, Fishbein M, Lohmann S, Albarracín D. The influence of attitudes on behavior. In: The handbook of attitudes, volume 1: Basic principles. London: Routledge; 2018. p. 197-255. [Link]
  24. Vogel T, Wanke M. Attitudes and attitude change. London: Psychology Press; 2016. [Link] [DOI:10.4324/9781315754185]
  25. Simpson H, Konan DO, Brahima K, Koffi J, Kashindi S, Edmiston M, et al. Effectiveness of community-based burden estimation to achieve elimination of lymphatic filariasis: A comparative cross-sectional investigation in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2022;2(8):e0000760. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000760]
  26. Lin L, Dacal E, Díez N, Carmona C, Martin Ramirez A, Barón Argos L, et al. Edge artificial intelligence (AI) for real-time automatic quantification of filariasis in mobile microscopy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024;18(4):e0012117. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012117]
Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume 13, Issue 2
Spring 2025
Pages 381-386