The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Counseling on Parent-Child Relationship in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
F. Hamidi
Z. Shirazizadeh
M. Ebrahim Damavandi
Educational Sciences Department, Humanities Faculty, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Aims: Having a child with autism spectrum disorder can put a lot of stress and pressure on parents and affect their quality of life, as compared to parents of normal children. In this regard, the present study aimed to identify and determine the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral counseling of the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder on their communication interactions with children.

Participants & Methods: Population consisted of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in the city of Shiraz, of which 40 eligible volunteers were selected using purposeful sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 20 (control and experiment) in the academic year of 2018-2019. Data collected using the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS; Pianta). Having completed the questionnaires by the target population, the experiment group received the intervention training program of group cognitive behavioral counseling for 10 one-hour sessions. However, the control group received no intervention training. Multi-variate covariance analysis and SPSS 22 were used to analyze data. The significance level was considered as 0.01.

Findings: The group cognitive behavioral counseling for mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder was effective on communication interaction with children and improved it (p= 0.001). Regarding the assessed effect, it should be noted that the degree of changes, according to eta coefficient (effect rate) was 23.3%.

Conclusion: According to the findings, group cognitive behavioral intervention method can be effective on improving parenting for children with autism spectrum disorder.

Keywords

Subjects

  1. 1. Sadock BG, Sadock VA. Comprehensive Text Book of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Volkmar, Klin,Robert, Schultz & Matthew;2009. http://drroudbaraki.ir/wpcontent/uploads/2018/08/sadock2005.pdf
    2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th Ed. Washington, DC; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
    3. Gray DE. High functioning autistic children and the construction of “normal family life”. Journal of Social &Medicine,1997: 44(8):1097-106. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00237-7.
    4. Corey G, Corey MS, Callanan P, Russell JM. Group technique (3rd Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199504)32:2%3C142::AID-PITS2310320213%3E3.0.CO;2-P
    5. Beck A, Weishaar, ME. Cognitive Therapy. In D Weding & R.J. Corsini(Eds), Current psychotherapies,10thed,pp 2419-264,Belmont. CA: Brooks/Cole;2014. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-04811-008
    6. Henricson C, Rocker D. Support for the parents of Adolescents: a review. Journal Adoles.23, 763-783;2000.https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0358
    7. Satoorian SA, Tahmassian K, Ahmad MR. The Role of Parenting Dimensions and Child-Parent Relationship in Children's Internalized and Externalized Behavioral Problem, Journal of Family Research Vol. 12(4): 683-705;2017. (Persian). file:///C:/Users/Farideh%20Hamidi/Downloads/4978-36833-1-PB%20(1).pdf
    8. Karst JS, Van Hecke AV. Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical child and family psychology review, 2012:15(3), 247-277. doi: 10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6
    9. Jones L, Gold E, Totsika V, Hastings RP, Jones M, Griffiths A, Silverton S. A mindfulness parent well-being course: Evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 2018: 33(1), 16-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2017.1297571
    10. Young Z, Moghaddam N, Tickle A. The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Attention Disorders; 2016. 1087054716664413. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 1202-1208. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1087054716664413
    11. Gould ER, Tarbox J, Coyne L. Evaluating the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Training on the overt behavior of parents of children with autism. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 2018:7, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.06.003
    12. Girli A. Comparison of the advanced theory of mind skills in Turkish Children with autism and typically developing children. International Journal of Learning and Teaching. 2016:9(2), 305-316.https://doi.org/10.18844/ijlt.v9i2.1156
    13. Damodaran KD. Parent child interaction therapy: child well- being through an effective parenting intervention, the journal of positive psychology, 2013:3, 1-12.
    https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2629025
    14. Pianta RC. Patterns of relationships between children and kindergarten teachers. Journal of school psychology, 1994:32(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(94)90026-4
    15. Driscoll K, Pianta, RC. Mother’s and father’s perceptions of conflict and closeness in parent- child relationships during early childhood. Journal of early childhood and infant psychology, 2011:7, 1-18. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-00755-001
    16. Hazlett-stevens H, Craske MG. Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy: Definition and scientific foundations; 2004. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.529.3790

    17. Khoramabadi R, Pour Etemad HR, Tahmassian K, Chima. Comparison of parental stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder with mothers of normal children. Family Studies Quarterly, 2009 (5) 19, 399-387.(Persian). http://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article/view/94/94
    18. Abareshi Z, Tahmasian K, Mazaheri M A, Panaghi L. The impact of psychosocial Child Development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and relationship between mother and child under three. rph. 2009; 3 (3) :49-58
    http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-115-fa.html
    19. Chohen L, Manion L. Research Methods in education (6 th. ed.). London: Rutledge.2000. http://gtu.ge/Agro-Lib/RESEARCH%20METHOD%20COHEN%20ok.pdf
    20 Argyle M, Hills P. Religious experiences and their relations with happiness and personality. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2000;10(3):157-72. doi:10.1207/S15327582IJPR1003_02.
  2. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. [Link]
  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. [Link] [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]
  4. Gray DE. High functioning autistic children and the construction of "normal family life". J Soc Med. 1997;44(8):1097-106. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00237-7]
  5. Corey G, Corey MS, Callanan P, Russell JM. Group techniques. 4th Edition. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2014. [Link]
  6. Beck A, Weishaar ME. Cognitive therapy. In: Weding D, Corsini RJ, editors. Current psychotherapies. 10th Edition. Belmont: Brooks/Cole; 2013. pp. 2419-264. [Link]
  7. Henricson C, Rocker D. Support for the parents of Adolescents: A review. J Adolesc. 2000;23(6):763-83. [Link] [DOI:10.1006/jado.2000.0358]
  8. Satoorian SA, Tahmassian K, Ahmad MR. The role of parenting dimensions and child-parent relationship in children's internalized and externalized behavioral problem. J Fam Res. 2017;12(48):683-705. [Persian] [Link]
  9. Karst JS, Van Hecke AV. Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(3):247-77. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6]
  10. Jones L, Gold E, Totsika V, Hastings RP, Jones M, Griffiths A, et al. A mindfulness parent well-being course: Evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools. Eur J Spec Needs Educ. 2018;33(1):16-30. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/08856257.2017.1297571]
  11. Young Z, Moghaddam N, Tickle A. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Atten Disord. 2016;24(6):875-88. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1087054716664413]
  12. Gould ER, Tarbox J, Coyne L. Evaluating the effects of acceptance and commitment training on the overt behavior of parents of children with autism. J Context Behav Sci. 2018;7:81-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.06.003]
  13. Girli A. Comparison of the advanced theory of mind skills in Turkish Children with autism and typically developing children. Int J Learn Teach. 2017;9(2):305-16. [Link] [DOI:10.18844/ijlt.v9i2.1156]
  14. K Damodaran D. Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): Child Well-being through an effective Parenting Intervention. Asian J Nurs Educ Res. 2013;3(1):37-9. [Link]
  15. Chohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education. 6th Edition. Milton: Taylor & Francis; 2007. [Link]
  16. Argyle M, Hills P. Religious experiences and their relations with happiness and personality. Int J Psychol Relig. 2000;10(3):157-72. [Link] [DOI:10.1207/S15327582IJPR1003_02]
  17. Pianta RC. Patterns of relationships between children and kindergarten teachers. J Sch Psychol. 1994;32(1):15-31. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0022-4405(94)90026-4]
  18. Driscoll K, Pianta RC. Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of conflict and closeness in parent-child relationships during early childhood. J Early Child Infant Psychol. 2011;(7):1-24. [Link]
  19. Hazlett-stevens H, Craske MG. Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy: Definition and scientific foundations. In: Bond FW, Dryden W, editors. Handbook of Brief Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Hoboken: Wiley; 2002. [Link]
  20. Khoramabadi R, Pour Etemad HR, Tahmassian K, Chima N. Comparison of parental stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder with mothers of normal children. Fam Stud. 2009;5(19):387-99. [Persian] [Link]
  21. Abareshi Z, Tahmasian K, Mazaheri MA, Panaghi L. The impact of psychosocial Child Development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and relationship between mother and child under three. Res Psychol Health. 2009;3(3):49-58. [Persian] [Link]
Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume 8, Issue 2
Spring 2020
Pages 51-56