The Effect of Educational Program on Increasing Oral Health Behavior among Pregnant Women: Applying Health Belief Model

Authors
Mohsen Shamsi 1
Mahmood Karimy 2
Alireza Hidarnia 3
Shamsaddin Niknami 3
Mohammad Rafiee 4
Iraj Zareban 5
Mahmood Karimy 2
1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
2 Department of public Health, Faculty of Health , Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
3 Department of Health Education & Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
5 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Aims: The oral health is one of the most of public health problems and women with pregnancy have high risk for dental caries and need more attention. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a health education intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on oral health behavior in pregnant women. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study carried out on 130 pregnant women selected with random sampling method from health centers in Arak in 2011 (case and control groups each of 65 women). Data collection with questionnaire was based on construct HBM, as well as their knowledge and performance about oral health. The women of the case group participated during the two month of intervention and again two month after، with 2 session meeting classes as the follow up after intervention. The data were collected 3 months after intervention and analyzed. Findings: Our findings indicated that mean scores of HBM Model variables, i.e susceptibility, severity, benefit and barriers perceived, were significantly increased in the case group compared to the controls after intervention. Also, oral health care (before intervention 45 ±9.2, after three months 77±9.7) improved significantly among the case group, compared to the controls (p<0/001). Conclusion: Applying the HBM Model is very effective for developing an educational program for oral health in pregnant women. Besides such programs, follow up education on controlling and monitoring is highly recommended.

Keywords

References
[1]               Margaret W, Ingunn MS, Isaac O. Socio-demographic factors related to periodontal status and tooth loss of pregnant women in Mbale district, Uganda. BMC Oral Health 2009; 9: 18.
[2]               Eslamipour F, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Asgari I. The relationship between aging and oral health inequalities assessed by the DMFT index. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010; 11(4): 193-9.
[3]               Gaffield ML, Gilbert BJ, Malvitz DM, Romaguera R. Oral health during pregnancy: an analysis of information collected by the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system. J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132(7): 1009-16.
[4]               Clothier B, Stringer M, Jeffcoat MK. Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes: exposure, risk and intervention. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 21(3): 451-66.
[5]               Mangskau KA, Arrindell B. Pregnancy and oral health: utilization of the oral health care system by pregnant women in North Dakota. Northwest Dent 1996; 75: 23-8.
[6]               Haji Kazemy E, Mohseni SH, Oskouie SF, Haghani H. The association between knowledge attitude and performance in pregnant women toward dental hygiene during pregnancy. IJN 2005; 18(43): 31-8.
[7]               Radnai M, Gorzó I, Nagy E, Urbán E, Eller J, Novák T, Pál A. The oral health status of postpartum mothers in South-East Hungary. Community Dent Health 2007; 24(2): 111-6.
[8]               Doughan B, Kassak K, Bourgeois D. Oral health status and treatment needs of 35-44-year old adults in Lebanon. IDJ 2000; 50(6): 395.
[9]               Torabi M, Karimi Afshar S, Sheikhzadeh S. The assess of oral health in people 35-44 in kerman. JDE 2009; 5(2): 60.
[10]              Khosravi AF, Najafi FA, Rahbar MD, Atefy ZA, Motlagh MI، Kabir MJ. Statistical Yearbook of Iran Perspective of health indicators in Iran. 1th Edition. Tehran: Network Development and Health Promotion Center- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, 2008.
[11]           Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J 2004; 54: 367-72.
[12]           Anonymous. World Health Day. World Health Organization, Switzerland. 1994; Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ mmwrhtml/00025823.htm
[13]           Rosenstock LM. Historical origins of the Health Belief Model. HEM 1974; 15: 175-83.
[14]           Barker T. Role of Health Beliefs in Patient Compliance with Preventive Dental Advice. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994; 22(5): 327-30.
[15]           Kegeles S. Health Belief Model and personal health behavior. Soc Scio Med 1980; 14(47): 32-.5
[16]           Khorsandi M, Shamsi M, Jahani F .The effect of education based on Health Belief Model on osteporosis preventive behaviors among pregnant women referred to Arak health centers. Daneshvar 2010; 18(89): 26-36.
[17]           Shamsi M, Tajik R, Mohammad Beigi A. Effect of education based on Health Belief Model on self-medication in mothers refering to health centers of Arak. AMUJ 2009; 12(3): 44-53.
[18]           Chen M. Preventive dental behavior of white Americans families and the health belief model. 1st Edition, USA: University of Illinois Inc, 1981; p: 182-84.
[19]           Cardenas LM, Ross DD. Effects of an oral health education program for pregnant women. J Tenn Dent Assoc 2010; 90(2): 23-6.
[20]           Kloeblen AS, Batish SS. Understanding the intention to permanently follow a high folate diet among a sample of low-income pregnant women according to the Health Belief Model. Health Educ Res 1999; 14: 327-38.
[21]           Smiech-Slomkowska G, Jablonska-Zrobek J. The effect of oral health education on dental plaque development and the level of caries-related Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Eur J Orthod 2007; 29(2): 157-60.
[22]           Martins R. Implications of motivational interviewing and oral hygiene instruction for the reduction of oral health disparities among pregnant women. 2008. Available at: http://www.motivationalinterviewing.org/bibliography?f%5Bkeyword%5D=199
[23]           Solhi M, Shojaei Zadeh D, Seraj B, Faghih Zadeh S. The Application of the Health Belief Model in Oral Health Education. Iranian J Publ Health 2010; 39(4): 114-9.
[24]           Mazlomi SM. Survey of some related factors to oral health in high school female students in Yazd, on the basis of health behavior model (HBM). BMUJ 2008; 15(3): 40.
[25]           Lin H, Wong M, Wang Z, Lo E. Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Chinese adults. DRJ 2001; 80(5): 1466.
[26]           Buglar ME, White KM, Robinson NG. The role of self-efficacy in dental patient’s brushing and flossing: testing an extended health belief model. Patient Educ Couns 2010; 78(2): 269-72.
[27]           Abood DA, Black D, Feral D. Nutrition education worksite intervention for university staff application of the health belief model. NEBJ 2003; 35(5): 260-7.
[28]           Brevidelli MM, Cianciarullo TI. Application of the health belief model to the prevention of occupational needle accidents. Rev Saude Publica 2001; 35: 193-201.
[29]           Krustrup U, Erik Petersen P. Periodontal conditions in 35-44 and 65-74-year-old adults in Denmark. Acta Odontologica 2006; 64(2): 65-73.
[30]           Hollister Mc, Anema MG. Health be- havior models and oral health. J Dent Hygiene 2004; 78(3): 6.
[31]           Hajimiri K, Sharifirad G, Hasanzade A. The Effect of Oral Health Education Based on Health Belief Model in Mothers Who Had 3-6 Year Old Children on Decreasing Dental Plaque Index in Zanjan. ZMUJ 2010; 18(72): 77.
Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume 1, Issue 2
Spring 2013
Pages 21-36