Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) Health Education and Health Promotion 2588-5715 14 2 2026 07 01 Emerging Human Viral Diseases; Drivers, Countermeasures, and Future Challenges 215 217 28937 10.58209/hehp.14.2.215 EN S.M.R. Kazemzadeh Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0002-3458-5206 M.M. Fazeli Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran H. Soleimanjahi Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1931-7801 Journal Article 2026 05 31 <strong><span lang="EN-GB">Introduction:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Emerging viral diseases are driven by viral evolution, environmental change, human activities, and weaknesses in public health systems. Advances in vaccines, antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and novel therapeutic approaches have improved outbreak preparedness and response. However, major challenges remain, including fragmented surveillance, inequitable access to countermeasures, health-system limitations, and misinformation. This review was conducted to summarize current evidence on the ecological, environmental, socioeconomic, and health-system drivers of viral emergence and re-emergence; review advances in preventive and therapeutic countermeasures; evaluate the contribution of the One Health framework; and identify major global preparedness gaps and potential solutions for future outbreaks. </span> <strong><span lang="EN-GB">Conclusion:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> The One Health approach provides a framework for strengthening prevention, early detection, and coordinated response.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">Mitigating the increasing threat of emerging viral diseases requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategy that combines biomedical innovation, integrated One Health surveillance, resilient health systems, equitable access to diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, and sustained international collaboration. Addressing persistent preparedness gaps through coordinated governance, long-term investment, and cross-sectoral partnerships will be essential for strengthening global health security and improving readiness for future outbreaks. </span> https://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article_28937_bb01328b7c80115379ecf1765e027c36.pdf