Health Education and Health Promotion

Abstract Aims: Waste separation behavior is beneficial for implementing waste management, recycling, and financial savings. The present study aimed to identify the predictors of waste separation behavior and behavioral intention based on the integrated behavioral model among housewives in Tehran.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 housewives in an institutional district located in the northern part of Tehran in 2023. Data collection was carried out using a developed questionnaire based on the integrated behavioral model.
Findings: The mean age of the study participants was 38.96 years. Waste separation behavior, environmental factors, and normative beliefs significantly influenced the behavioral intention score for waste separation (p<0.0001). The levels of increase for the aforementioned factors were reported as 0.655, 0.101, and 0.204, respectively (R²=0.569). Additionally, the history of waste separation training (p<0.0001) and the spouses’ educational level (p=0.003) were found to significantly affect the behavioral intention score for waste separation, with levels of increase reported as 0.786 and 0.275, respectively (R²=0.203).
Conclusion: The housewives’ behavior and their behavioral intention regarding waste separation largely depend on the history of waste separation training at the source and on environmental factors.

Abstract Aims: One of the cancers that threaten women's health is cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of the behavioral intention of Pap smear testing based on the theory of protective motivation in women.
Instrument & Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. Participants in this study were 300 women referring to public clinics in one of the selected hospitals in Tehran. In this study, a reliable and valid questionnaire based on protection motivation theory was used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19 as well as a correlation test and stepwise regression.
Findings: The findings revealed that the correlation coefficients of perceived sensitivity (r=0.47), perceived intensity (r=0.53), fear (r=0.46), response costs (r=0.54), response efficiency (r=0.2), self-efficacy (r=0.53), and behavioral intent were significant at a confidence level of 0.99 and in a positive direction. The ability of behavioral intention prediction for response costs (26.2%), self-efficacy (11.6%), fear (1.8%), and perceived sensitivity (3.2%) was recorded, these variables can predict about 42.8% of changes in behavioral intention for Pap smear testing.
Conclusion: The behavioral intent of having a pap smear testing can be predicted based on the theory of protective motivation in women. Therefore, designing educational programs within the framework of this theory is recommended to improve Pap smear testing.

Abstract Aim: Health-promoting behaviors are considered the most basic health criteria for the elderly. This study aimed to identify the correlation between Electronic Health Literacy and health-promoting behaviors among the elderly.
Participants & Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 subjects aged 60 years and older referred to Tehran retirement center in 2018. Convenient sampling was used for selecting the subjects. The data were collected by health-promoting questionnaire and Electronic Health Literacy questionnaire. Independent t-test and ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The data were analyzed through SPSS 19.
Finding: The mean and standard deviation of health-promoting behaviors and Electronic Health Literacy were 146.95±30.31 and 27.19±6.99. The subjects with higher literacy obtained higher scores in health-promoting behaviors and its component. The Pearson correlation coefficient between health-promoting behaviors and Electronic Health Literacy was positive and significant (r=0.408, p<0.001). Also, correlation between Electronic Health Literacy and health responsibility (r=0.408, p<0.001), nutrition (r=0.329, p<0.001) and interpersonal relationships (r=0.413, p<0.001) was positive and significant.
Conclusion: Electronic Health Literacy has a moderate positive correlation with health-promoting behaviors and components among the elderly. Therefore, improving Electronic Health Literacy should be considered a necessary subject for promoting the health behaviors of the elderly.