@article{ author = {Didarloo, Alireza and Farrokh-Eslamlou, Hamid Rez}, title = {Childhood Obesity, a Threat to Health: Challenges and Solutions}, abstract ={In recent decades, obesity has turned into a public health problem worldwide due to its high prevalence, costs, and negative health effects. In 2014, over 1.9 billion adults (over 18 years of age) were overweight; of these, more than 600 million were obese [1, 2]. Adulthood-related health problems come from unhealthy behavioral patterns during childhood. Obese children are more likely to have obesity in adulthood, and even disability and premature death may threat them. In addition, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), insulin resistance, psychological disorders, depression and social isolation [3]. Childhood obesity is caused by excessive food consumption and drinking of high-calorie sweetened beverages, lack ofphysical activity, and genetic factors; other behavioral and environmental factors may also play a main role in this regard [4]. The rapidly rising rates of childhood obesity and subsequent increasing burden of disease and disability have grave social and economic consequences, contributing to the rising cost of health services, limiting economic growth and exacerbating health inequalities and inequities. Hence, control and prevention of childhood obesity is a vital issue, and the related interventions can guarantee these children’s health in future [5]. Obesity is preventable and solvable if people get acquainted with the disease and its consequences and perform the recommended preventive health behaviors. Although health education is the first step to change unhealthy behaviors, but health education programs merely are not sufficient. To combat obesity and its negative effects, comprehensive policies through coordinating and collaborating with other sustainable development sectors are required [6, 7]. The cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 416junior high-school students who were selected using stratified random sampling in Khoy City, North West of Iran. The aim of the research was to evaluate the causes of obesity among children in the view of students. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods in the SPSS software (ver.22). The results showed that the prevalence of obesity in the studied was 19%, which is a high and alarming risk factor according to the available statistics in the world; also the main predictors of obesity were: 1) Sedentary life style due to watching screens of television and computer for more than two hours per day, 2) Eating high-fat and unhealthy foods, and 3) Drinking sweetened beverages instead of water. There was a statistically significant relationship between the above three factors and obesity in children (P<0.05). It is required that several effective public health programs and urgent measures be utilized for the control of obesity in children. To prevent and control obesity in students, the following strategies are recommended: a) raising people’s knowledge and attitudes regarding obesity preventive lifestyle; b) limiting the consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages (sugary drinks) and choosing healthier foods (such as grains, fruits and vegetables, healthy fat and protein sources) for children; c) adding health-related educational contents in the schools’ curricula; d) be a role model (parents and teachers who eat healthy foods and participate in physical activity are good examples for the children and students to more likely do the same; e) limiting the time of viewing television, computer, and “sit time”; f) encouraging physical activity (children should have 60 minutes of moderate physical activity in most days of the week); g) providing specific places for walking and bicycling in the urban environments to promote physical activity; and h) advertising and promoting healthy lifestyle for people through mass media [8, 9]. In general, obesity should be considered as a health problem with high priority by health decision makers and policymakers, and steps should be taken to control and prevent it at both individual and community levels. In this way, effective strategies should be used with regard to the capabilities of the community and in accordance with the policies of the communities.   Authors’ Contribution Authors had the major role in the following areas: study concept and design; acquisition of data; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; statistical analysis; and administrative, technical and material support. Funding/Support This study was supported by Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia/Iran  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-3}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-874-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-874-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {AhmadzadehTori, Neda and Shojaeizadeh, Davou}, title = {A Survey on Nutritional Status in Elderly with Diabetes}, abstract ={Aim: Malnutrition prevalence is unknown among elderly patients with diabetes. Nutrition therapy is an essential component in the treatment program for diabetics. Malnutrition is a clinical disorder and a common risk factor in older patients with diabetes, which can affect their health. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the nutritional condition of elderly with diabetes in Babol City, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Babol City during January-April 2017 on 200 older patients with diabetes. Malnutrition was assessed with the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) approach. The patients were followed up until discharge. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics methodology, and correlation among variables was determined by the Chi-square, T-test, and One Way ANOVA.Findings: The results showed that about 50% of the elderly patients were suffering from malnutrition, and 20% had normal nutritional status, and approximately 30% were exposed to malnutrition.Conclusion: It is possible to identify people at risk for malnutrition. These individuals are suffering from malnutrition more likely due to lower level of caloric intake that can be easily corrected by nutritional intervention. It is necessary to improve the status of elderly diabetic patients with malnutrition suffering by administering normal nutritional status and special attention.}, Keywords = {Elderly,Mini-Nutrition Assessment,Type 2 diabetes}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {5-14}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-8890-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-8890-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Bahadoran, Parvin and Gholami, Zahr}, title = {A Comparative Study between Face-to-Face Training and E-Learning for Mothers, and Their Effects on Infant Sleep}, abstract ={Aim: Babies form the most sensitive and most vulnerable group in every society. Some studies have shown that improving the quality of infant sleep is a way to improve the quality of his/her life.Methods: The present interventional study was conducted on 110 mothers and babies using random sampling in three groups (face-to-face, e-learning and control). Educational interventions included the researcher’s individual meetings with the mothers in the face-to-face training group and giving educational CDs in the e-learning group to improve the quality of infant’s sleep. Information was completed in the parents’ diary registration forms. ANOVA and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to analyze the data.Findings: The mean scores of infant sleep quality in the first care before and after the intervention between the three groups of face-to-face training, e-learning and control were not significantly different. While in the second and third cares, infant sleep in e-learning and face-to-face groups was better than in the control group. Moreover, at certain hours of the day, infants in face-to-face group had better sleeping in comparison with those in the e-learning group, and the difference was significant.Conclusion: Due to lack of statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of infant sleep and given that increased sleep can be considered as a normal phenomenon in infants, more studies are needed in this area to achieve accurate results.}, Keywords = {Electronics education,Face- to -face education,Infant sleep,Iran}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {15-24}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-5410-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-5410-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Goodarzi, Azam and Hidarnia, Alireza and Tavafian, Sedigheh Sadat and Eslami, Mohamm}, title = {Measurement of Health Belief Model Constructs in Relation with the Oral Health Practice of Female Students in Tehran}, abstract ={Aim: Oral hygiene must start at a young age. Childhood is the perfect time to start the conversion of knowledge into creative thinking and subsequent health care activity. This study aimed to measure the constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in relation to the oral health practice of female students in Tehran.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 416 grade five female students of elementary schools in the school year of 2016-2017 in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using an author-designed questionnaire based on the constructs of the HBM. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using face validity while its reliability was approved using Cronbach’s alpha statistics. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance.Findings: According to the findings, the mean age of the participants was 10.88±0.628 years. Pearson's correlation showed that four the HBM constructs of Self-efficacy, Cues to action, Perceived benefits, Perceived barriers were significant predictors for oral health practices (P < 0.05). In addition, the variables of knowledge and socio– economic conditions (mother's educational level, father's educational level, mother's job, father's job and family income) had significant relationship with performance (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Our study shows that for improving the beliefs related with oral health behaviors, designing educational programs with emphasis on increasing self-efficacy and perceived benefits, and overcoming the barriers to promote oral health behaviors is essential.}, Keywords = {Health belief model,Student,Oral health,Behavior}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {25-37}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-2521-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-2521-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Heidari, Masumeh and AminShokravi, Farkhondeh and Zayeri, Farid and Azin, Seyed Ali}, title = {Effectiveness of the PLISSIT Model-based Counseling on the Sexual Function of Couples during Pregnancy}, abstract ={Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the PLISSIT model-based counseling on the sexual function of couples during pregnancy.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out in Tehran (Najmieh Hospital) on 88 couples who were randomly assigned to the control (44 couples) and intervention (44 couples) groups. The intervention group received sexual counseling based on a PLISSIT model by a trained midwife, and the control group received only routine services in prenatal care. Sexual functions of the couples were assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and International Index Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaires before counseling, 4 weeks after counseling, and at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy. Independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used for comparison of the scores within the groups.Findings: No significant differences were found in the demographic variables of the subjects. The mean total scores of FSFI and IIEF were not different at baseline in the two groups. Repeated measure analysis showed significant differences between the two groups in the mean total scores of FSFI and IIEF after the intervention. Post intervention, the mean of the total score of sexual function of the couples was significantly higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, sex education for prenatal care would be effective, and we can claim that sexual function of couples during pregnancy may be enhanced by using the PLISSIT model.}, Keywords = {Sex counseling, Couple, Pregnancy, Sexual function,PLISSIT model}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {39-54}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-8741-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-8741-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Moasheri, Bibinarge and Ahangari, Hamideh and Norozi, Ensiyeh and Shayesteh, Maji}, title = {An Exploration of Coping Styles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and their Association with Demographic Factors}, abstract ={Aim: Diabetes mellitus and the patients’ need for self-care may bring several challenges in the daily life of diabetic patients. This necessitates the obligation to adopt coping strategies against stress in order to adjust with the governing conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore coping styles in type 2 diabetic patients and their potential associations with demographic factors.Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 201 patients with type 2 diabetes were incorporated from the Tehran-based Dornian Care Clinic and evaluated using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (ver. 16) at the significance level of 0.05.Findings: The diabetic patients in this study adopted avoidant (72.1%), emotion-oriented (17.9%), and problem-based (10%) coping strategies. While problem-oriented and emotion-oriented strategies correlated with gender, avoidant style did not. Married individuals used avoidant strategies more than singles. There was a significant relationship only between the use of problem-solving strategies and education level. Also there was a significant relationship between the complications of diabetes and adoption of problem-oriented strategies.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, diabetic patients have hard times in the face of stresses of life events and the subsequent challenges of their disease. Counseling seems beneficial in order for effective teaching of coping strategies to diabetic patients.}, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes,Coping strategies,Avoidant strategies,Emotion-oriented strategies,Problem-oriented strategies}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {55-63}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-6431-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-6431-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Yamini, Mahammad and Bagheri-nia, Hass}, title = {Can Parenting Style Affect Thought Control Strategies?}, abstract ={Aim: This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the parenting styles of parents and their children’s thought control strategies. The research method was descriptive and correlational.Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlational. Statistical population included all pre-university students and their parents in the academic year 2013-2014 in Mashhad City. Some 177 female students and their parents were selected as the statistical sample, using cluster random sampling method from the same area of education. Research tools included Parenting Styles Questionnaire and Thought Control Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using statistical methods, correlation and regression analysis.Findings: The results indicated that authoritative parenting style has a direct positive relationship with distraction and reappraisal strategies and negatively with worry strategy. Authoritarian parenting style has only significant relationship with social control and worry strategies. The results of multiple regression showed that authoritative parenting style plays a role in explaining 35% of the variance of thought control as dependent variable.Conclusion: This study consistently provides support for the link between variations in the familial environment and the emergence of metacognitive subsequent outcomes. Authoritative style had great effect on the appropriate thought control strategies naming distraction and reappraisal strategies.}, Keywords = {Thought control strategies,Distraction,Parenting styles}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {65-76}, publisher = {Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-3762-en.html}, eprint = {http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-3762-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Education and Health Promotion}, issn = {2588-5715}, eissn = {2345-2897}, year = {2017} }