Volume 10, Issue 3 (2022)
Health Educ Health Promot 2022, 10(3): 467-475 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Arefi Z, Sadeghi R, Shojaeizadeh D, Yaseri M, Shahbazi Sighaldeh S. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Physical Activity Scale for Pregnant Women. Health Educ Health Promot 2022; 10 (3) :467-475
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-60728-en.html
URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-60728-en.html
1- Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (984 Views)
Aims: Although physical activity has many health benefits during pregnancy, few women engage in regular physical activity. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of a physical activity scale in pregnant women based on social cognitive theory.
Instrument & Methods: A multi-phase scale development method was used to build the scale. To generate a pre-final version of the instrument, face and content validity were measured at the following step. The validation of the instrument was evaluated through a sample of 240 pregnant women. Then, the construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha of the scale were calculated.
Findings: In the beginning, a 36-item scale was created by undertaking a qualitative phase. This number was lowered to 24 items after content validity. Seven factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis (outcome expectations, outcome value, self-efficacy, social support, self-regulation, mutual determinant, and behavior) which accounted for 52% of the observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a model with a suitable fitness for the data. For the subscales, Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.94, and the Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.80 to 0.88, which is within acceptable limits.
Conclusion: The findings showed that the psychometric properties of the physical activity scale is valid and reliable scale that can help us better understand aspects associated to physical activity in pregnant women. As a result, it has the potential to be employed in the future research.
Instrument & Methods: A multi-phase scale development method was used to build the scale. To generate a pre-final version of the instrument, face and content validity were measured at the following step. The validation of the instrument was evaluated through a sample of 240 pregnant women. Then, the construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha of the scale were calculated.
Findings: In the beginning, a 36-item scale was created by undertaking a qualitative phase. This number was lowered to 24 items after content validity. Seven factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis (outcome expectations, outcome value, self-efficacy, social support, self-regulation, mutual determinant, and behavior) which accounted for 52% of the observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a model with a suitable fitness for the data. For the subscales, Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.94, and the Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.80 to 0.88, which is within acceptable limits.
Conclusion: The findings showed that the psychometric properties of the physical activity scale is valid and reliable scale that can help us better understand aspects associated to physical activity in pregnant women. As a result, it has the potential to be employed in the future research.
Keywords: Physical Activity [MeSH], Scale Development [MeSH], Psychometrics [MeSH], Pregnant Women [MeSH]
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Health Education and Health Behavior
Received: 2022/03/15 | Accepted: 2022/05/15 | Published: 2022/07/4
Received: 2022/03/15 | Accepted: 2022/05/15 | Published: 2022/07/4
References
1. Zhu G, Qian X, Qi L, Xia C, Ming Y, Zeng Z, et al. The intention to undertake physical activity in pregnant Women using the theory of planned behaviour. JAN. 2020;76(7):1647-57. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/jan.14347]
2. Hailemariam TT, Gebregiorgis YS, Gebremeskel BF, Haile TG, Spitznagle TM. Physical activity, and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: Facility-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:92. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12884-020-2777-6]
3. Sallis J, Bull F, Guthold R, Heath G, Inoue S, Kelly P. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1325-36. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30581-5]
4. da Silva SG, Ricardo LI, Evenson KR, Hallal PC. Leisure-time physical activity in pregnancy, and maternal-child health: a systematic review, and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies. Sports Med. 2017;47(2):295-317. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s40279-016-0565-2]
5. Watson ED, van Poppel MN, Jones RA, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK. Are south African mothers moving? Patterns, and correlates of physical activity, and sedentary behavior in pregnant black south African women. J Phys Act Health. 2017;14(5):329-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1123/jpah.2016-0388]
6. de Haas S, Ghossein‐Doha C, van Kuijk S, van Drongelen J, Spaanderman M. Physiological adaptation of maternal plasma volume during pregnancy: A systematic review, and meta‐analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49(2):177-87. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/uog.17360]
7. Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 650: Physical activity, and exercise during pregnancy, and the postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(6):e135-42. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001214]
8. Okafor UB, Goon DT. Developing a physical activity intervention strategy for pregnant women in Buffalo City Municipality, South Africa: A study protocol. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6694. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17186694]
9. Ribeiro MM, Andrade A, Nunes I. Physical exercise in pregnancy: Benefits, risks, and prescription. J Perinat Med. 2022;50(1):4-17. [Link] [DOI:10.1515/jpm-2021-0315]
10. Davenport MH, Ruchat SM, Sobierajski F, Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Yoo C, et al. Impact of prenatal exercise on maternal harms, labour, and delivery outcomes: A systematic review, and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(2):99-107. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099821]
11. Bauer I, Hartkopf J, Kullmann S, Schleger F, Hallschmid M, Pauluschke-Fröhlich J, et al. Spotlight on the fetus: How physical activity during pregnancy influences fetal health: A narrative review. BMJ Open Sport Exer Med. 2020;6(1):e000658. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000658]
12. Pathirathna ML, Sekijima K, Sadakata M, Fujiwara N, Muramatsu Y, Wimalasiri K. Effects of physical activity during pregnancy on neonatal birth weight. Sci Rep. 2019;9:6000. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-42473-7]
13. Merkx A, Ausems M, Budé L, de Vries R, Nieuwenhuijze MJ. Factors affecting perceived change in physical activity in pregnancy. Midwifery. 2017;51:16-23. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.midw.2017.05.007]
14. Harrison AL, Taylor NF, Shields N, Frawley HC. Attitudes, barriers, and enablers to physical activity in pregnant women: A systematic review. J Physiother. 2018;64(1):24-32. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jphys.2017.11.012]
15. Ahmadi K, Amiri-Farahani L. The perceived barriers to physical activity in pregnant women: A review study. J Client Cent Nurs Care. 2021;7(4):245-54. [Link] [DOI:10.32598/JCCNC.7.4.253.2]
16. Koleilat M, Vargas N, van Twist V, Kodjebacheva GD. Perceived barriers to, and suggested interventions for physical activity during pregnancy among participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children(WIC) in Southern California. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21:69. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12884-021-03553-7]
17. Toghiyani Z, Kazemi A, Nekuei N. Physical activity for healthy pregnancy among Iranian women: Perception of facilities versus perceived barriers. J Educ Health Promot. 2019;8. [Link]
18. Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior, and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th Edition. New York: Jossey-Bass; 2008. [Link]
19. Almanasreh E, Moles R, Chen TF. Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Rese Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;15(2):214-21. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066]
20. Watkins MW. Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. J Black Psychol. 2018;44(3):219-46. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0095798418771807]
21. Orcan F. Exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis: which one to use first?. J Measurement Evaluat Educ Psychol. 2018;9(4):414-21. [Link] [DOI:10.21031/epod.394323]
22. Civelek ME. Essentials of structural equation modeling. Essent Struct Equ Model. 2018 Feb. [Link] [DOI:10.13014/K2SJ1HR5]
23. McCrae RR, Kurtz JE, Yamagata S, Terracciano A. Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Person Soc Psychol Rev. 2011;15(1):28-50. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1088868310366253]
24. Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2015. [Link]
25. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191-215. [Link] [DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191]
26. Mahmoodi H, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Babazadeh T, Mohammadi Y, Shirzadi S, Sharifi-Saqezi P, et al. Health promoting behaviors in pregnant women admitted to the prenatal care unit of imam khomeini hospital of saqqez. J Educ Community Health. 2015;1(4):58-65. [Link] [DOI:10.20286/jech-010458]
27. Son JS, Kerstetter DL, Mowen AJ, Payne LL. Global self-regulation, and outcome expectations: Influences on constraint self-regulation, and physical activity. J Aging Phys Act. 2009;17(3):307-26. [Link] [DOI:10.1123/japa.17.3.307]
28. Mirkarimi SK, Ozoni Doji R, Honarvar M, Aref LF. Correlation between physical activities, consumption of fruits, and vegetables, and using social cognitive theory constructs in obese or overweight women referring to health centers in Gorgan. Jorjani Biomed J. 2017;5(1):52-42. [Persian] [Link]
29. Peyman N, Mahdizadeh M, Taghipour A, Esmaily H. Using of social cognitive theory: predictors of physical activity among women with diabetestype 2. J Res Health. 2013;3(2):345-54. [Link]
30. Wadsworth DD, Hallam JS. Effect of a web site intervention on physical activity of college females. Am J Health Behav. 2010;34(1):60-9. [Link] [DOI:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.8]
31. Joseph RP, Pekmezi DW, Lewis T, Dutton G, Turner LW, Durant NH. Physical activity, and social cognitive theory outcomes of an internet-enhanced physical activity intervention for African American female college students. J Health Dispar Res Pract. 2013;6(2):1-8. [Link]
32. Bashirian S, Jalily M, Barati M. Nutritional behaviors status, and its related factors among pregnant women in Tabriz: A cross-sectional study. Pajouhan Sci J. 2016;14(2):34-43. [Persian] [Link]
33. Taechaboonsermsak P, Kaewkungwal J, Singhasivanon P, Fungladda W, Wilailak S. Causal relationship between health promoting behavior, and quality of life in cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36(6):1568. [Link]
34. Hosseini M, Ashktorab T, Taghdisi MH, Khodayari MT. The interpersonal influences as a factor for health promoting life style in nursing students: A mixed method study. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;9(5):196. [Link]
35. Rajabalipour M, Sharifi H, Nakhaee N, Iranpour A. Application of social cognitive theory to prevent waterpipe use in male high-school students in Kerman, Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10:186. [Link] [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_235_17]
36. Adasi Z, Tehrani H, Esmaiely H, Ghavami M, Vahedian-Shahroodi M. Application of social cognitive theory on maternal nutritional behavior for weight of children 6 to 12 months with Failure to thrive (FTT). Iran J Health Educ Health Promot. 2021;9(2):145-58. [Persian] [Link] [DOI:10.52547/ijhehp.9.2.145]
37. Ardestani M, Niknami S, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E. Psychometric properties of the Social Cognitive Theory questionnaire for physical activity in a sample of Iranian adolescent girl students. East Mediterranean Health J. 2016;22(5):318-26. [Link] [DOI:10.26719/2016.22.5.318]
38. Ramirez E, Kulinna PH, Cothran D. Constructs of physical activity behaviour in children: the usefulness of social cognitive theory. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012;13(3):303-10. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.11.007]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |